<p>The Surratt House  is a historic house and house museum located at 9110 Brandywine Road in Clinton , Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland, United States. The house is named for John and Mary Surratt, who built it in 1852. Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for being a co-conspirator in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. It was acquired by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission  in 1965, restored, and opened to the public as a museum in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of the house</h2><br>
<p>The original structure was built as a middle-class plantation house in 1852. Mary Jenkins met John Harrison Surratt in 1839, when she was 16 or 19 years of age (the date of her birth is not clear) and he was 26. An orphan, John Surratt was adopted by Richard and Sarah Neale of Washington, D.C., a wealthy couple who owned a farm. Jenkins and Surratt wed in August 1840. The Surratts lived at a mill in Oxon Hill, Maryland, The area round the tavern was officially named Surrattsville in 1853. Within a short period of time, a post office was installed inside the tavern. John Surratt was the hamlets first postmaster. In 1854, John built a hotel as an addition to his tavern, and called it Surratts Hotel. Over the next few years, Surratt acquired or built a carriage house, corn crib, general store, forge, granary, gristmill, stable, tobacco curing house, and wheelwright&#39;s shop.</p><br>
<h3>House&#39;s role in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln</h3><br>
<p>John Surratt collapsed suddenly and died on either August 25 or August 26 in 1862 (sources differ as to the date). The cause of death was a stroke. On October 1, 1864, Mary Surratt took possession of the D.C. townhouse.</p><br>
<p>As part of a plot to kidnap President Abraham Lincoln in March 1865, John Surratt Jr. his friend, George Atzerodt; and co-conspirator David Herold hid two Spencer carbines, ammunition, and some other supplies at the Surratt tavern in Surrattsville. On April 11, Mary Surratt rented a carriage and drove to her Maryland tavern. She said she made the trip to collect a debt owed her by a former neighbor. He gave her a package (later found to contain binoculars) to give to Lloyd for pick-up later that evening.</p><br>
<p>Booth and Herold stopped at the Surratt house briefly, picking up the rifles and binoculars, on their flight out of the District of Columbia after assassinating Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>Surratt was sentenced to death on June 30, 1865, for being a co-conspirator in the plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln. She was hanged on July 7, 1865, at about 1:31 P.M.</p><br>
<h2>About the house</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story, 19th-century wood-frame structure. It is a 40 by rectangular building with a gable roof. There are five windows on both floors in the western face of the house. A small porch with a gabled roof protects the front door. The rear (eastern side) of the house mirrors that of the front (western side). The interior of the house features a fireplace and chimney on the north and south ends of the building. A single stairway lead from the first to the second floor. The exterior of the house is clapboard, and on the north side of the house is a verandah with a shed roof that extends the width of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Surratts built a -story addition against the south end of the building some time between 1853 and 1864. Roughly 16 by square, it featured an entrance in the southeast corner (facing east) next to a window, an interior chimney on the south side, two windows in the west face, and a root cellar door set low and at a 45-degree angle from the ground. This structure did not survive, and was rebuilt in the 1980s as part of a restoration of the house to its 1865 condition. The rebuilt addition features an exterior chimney, however.</p><br>
<p>Between 1865 and 1965, previous owners had extended the north porch so that it wrapped completely around the western facade of the house. Another owner in the early 20th century removed the porch on the eastern side of the structure and replaced with a two-story rain porch.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house was confiscated by the federal government after Mary Surratt&#39;s conviction. It was later sold, and was privately owned until 1965. In 1939, when owned by Mrs. Ella Curtin, the structure suffered light damage in a fire.</p><br>
<p>On February 24, 1965, the Surratt House was donated to the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC) by B. K. Miller, a longtime Clinton merchant, and his son, Thomas V. Miller. The plan at the time was to move the house to the Clinton Regional Park (now Louise F. Cosca Regional Park), but that did not happen. In 1968, the M-NCPPC paid roughly $76,000 to purchase a 1 acre plot of land beneath the house. The following year, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development provided the M-NCPPC a $38,115 grant to help pay for the land purchase.</p><br>
<p>The Surratt House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The house was restored by the M-NCPPC, and the restoration completed on October 2, 1975.</p><br>
<p>Citizens interested in Mary Surratt formed the Surratt Society in 1975. The Surrattsville tavern and house are a historical site run today by the Surratt Society. It is devoted to mid-19th century Maryland life and the Abraham Lincoln assassination, especially to conspiracy theories surrounding the Lincoln assassination which tend to exonerate Mrs. Surratt. Some of the furniture and decorative artworks in the house are originals owned by Mary Surratt. The James O. Hall Research Center is located there.</p><br>
<p>A modern private home next to the Surratt House was acquired by the M-NCPCC, and serves as a gift shop, research center, and offices.</p><br>
<p>Fort King George State Historic Site is a fort located in the USA state of Georgia in McIntosh County, adjacent to Darien. The fort was built in 1721 along what is now known as the Darien River and served as the southernmost outpost of the British Empire in the Americas until 1727. The fort was constructed in what was then considered part of the colony of South Carolina, but was territory later settled as Georgia. It was part of a defensive line intended to encourage settlement along the colony&#39;s southern frontier, from the Savannah River to the Altamaha River. Great Britain, France, and Spain were competing to control the American Southeast, especially the Savannah-Altamaha River region.</p><br>
<p>Fort King George was a hardship post for troops assigned there. A total of 140 officers (including Col. Barnwell) and soldiers died, mostly from camp diseases such as dysentery and malaria, due to poor sanitation (none from battle). The soldiers made up The Independent Company of South Carolina, an "invalid" company of elderly British Regulars, one hundred in all, sent over from Great Britain. Their suffering was largely caused by their own poor health, and inadequate provisions due to poor funding. Problems such as periodic river flooding, indolence, starvation, excessive alcoholism, desertion, enemy threats, and potential mutiny exacerbated hardships at the fort.</p><br>
<p>The fort was a model for General James Oglethorpe when he set up his southern defense system for Georgia and established a settlement along the Altamaha River. In 1736, Oglethorpe brought Scottish colonists to settle the site of the abandoned Fort King George. They called their village New Inverness, later named Darien. That same year, Oglethorpe built Fort Frederica on Saint Simons Island. Oglethorpe borrowed extensively from ideas laid out earlier when South Carolina imperialists, such as John Barnwell, Joseph Bowdler, and Francis Nicholson, planned Fort King George as part of a defensive system. Oglethorpe decided to dismantle the fort in 1738.</p><br>
<p>Operated by the state of Georgia, the fort has been reconstructed and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is open to the public for historical tours. Structures include a blockhouse, officers quarters, barracks, a guardhouse, baking and brewing house, blacksmith shop, moat, and palisades. The parks museum focuses on the 18th-century cultural history of the area, including the Guale, the 17th-century Spanish mission Santo Domingo de Talaje, the fort, and the Scottish colonists. An exhibit explains the 19th-century sawmilling at the site and the remains of two sawmills and ruins. Tabby cement ruins, based on a regional building material, also can be found on the property. Site staff offers living history programs year-round.</p><br>
<h2>Background information</h2><br>
<p>For nearly 200 years before the establishment of Georgia in 1733, Europeans of various nations had struggled to claim footholds in this vast territory. At one time, it was one of the most coveted regions in all of North America. Its bountiful river systems, the Altamaha, Ogeechee, and Savannah rivers, offered valuable conduits of transportation for empire building during the Age of Mercantilism. Europeans believed they could conquer its Native American peoples. The area&#39;s coastline had a labyrinth of barrier islands, mud shoals, sandbars, and impassable rivers that afforded a great natural barrier system for whoever controlled it.</p><br>
<p>Over time, this territory would become a "debatable land" for which Europe&#39;s three mightiest countries of the time: Spain, France, and Great Britain, all competed. This international rivalry brought many outcomes. First, the Spanish founded St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 to protect their shipping lanes for treasure-laden ships sailing up from South America.</p><br>
<p>As the French sought newer fur trade markets in the South, and ultimately the Southeast, French Louisiana was expanded in the late 17th century down the Mississippi and into the Gulf region. To curb French encroachment from the west, and to undermine Spain&#39;s traditional claims to areas north of Florida, the British colonists deemed it vital to expand and defend their southern borders, especially at the Savannah River. The resultant clash of European forces affected most of the regional Native American peoples, eventually destroying their traditional cultures and their independence.</p><br>
<p>The imperial struggle contributed in the 1720s to the establishment of Fort King George by the British, built at the headwaters of the Altamaha River, 3 mi inland from Sapelo Island. Trade was also a key aspect of founding the fort. In 2011, an old map, dated 1721 and drawn by John Barnwell, was found in the fort&#39;s storeroom. It shows two roads from the fort: one leading north and the other along the river to a Muscogee (Creek) path, the tribe who were the desired trading partners. Spain sought to protect its rich harvest of precious metals in the Americas. France and England competed for control over the lucrative fur trade with the Native Americans. Additional resources such as timber, naval stores, and cash crops were also at stake for the British.</p><br>
<p>The British built Fort King George as a step toward settling the Altamaha River region. The British needed to control the river systems in order to control economic activities and commerce in the Southeast, especially that pertaining to the fur trade. The Altamaha River is one of the largest and far-reaching rivers in the region, and it allowed passage throughout the territory, especially to the powerful tribes of the Creek/Muskogee found west of the river system. Fort King George was part of a plan by the British to control the Altamaha and to secure economic imperial superiority in the Southeast.</p><br>
<h3>Contest for empire in the Southeast</h3><br>
<p>The Spanish were the first to arrive in the Southeast, first with explorers, then with the settlement of St. Augustine in present-day Florida in 1565. They started creating a mission system, converting the Native American tribes and using them as workers for agricultural production. The city became a base so that the Spanish could protect their treasure ships carrying gold and silver from the South. They used missions to expand the Catholic faith to the numerous tribes found in the Southeast. The converted Native Americans were incorporated into the Spanish system of repartimiento. They used an indigenous labor force capable of growing surplus grains for needy colonists in the Spanish-American Empire.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-17th century, dozens of Spanish missions controlled the southeastern coastline with thousands of Native Americans drawn into and around them. This system centered on missions accompanied with troops occupying presidios.</p><br>
<p>They created four mission provinces: Tumucua (interior northern Florida), Apalachee (northwestern Florida), Guale (Georgia coast north of the Altamaha River), and Mocama (from the Altamaha River south to the St. Johns River). The name Guale was possibly derived from a Native American chief of that name who was visited by Pedro Menéndez on St. Catherines Island in 1566. In that year, Menéndez established troops on that island. Santa Catalina de Guale would later become one of the largest and most productive missions by the mid-17th century.</p><br>
<p>Another successful mission was Santo Domingo de Talaje. Established sometime in the early 17th century, this mission was located on a large bluff 3 mi up the north branch of the Altamaha River. Native Americans had inhabited the bluff for thousands of years. The English later used this site as the location for Fort King George in the 1720s.</p><br>
<p>Guale was threatened by the settlement of English Carolina immediately to the north, where Charlestown was established in 1670. Through the late seventeenth century, Carolinian forces and their Indian allies were successful at destroying the Spanish mission system. Throughout the 1670s and 1680s, they attacked and destroyed missions on Saint Catherines Island, St Simons Island, Cumberland Island, and several interior missions situated close to the coast. San Joseph de Sapala on Sapelo Island was destroyed by pirates in 1683, leading to Spanish abandonment of the Guale and Mocama provinces. Likewise, the British and allied forces reduced the Apalachee mission province during the first decade of the 18th century. The surviving mission Indians retreated and aggregated farther south until their remnants were situated just north of the Saint Augustine base near the St. Johns River. During the 1680s, the Carolina colonists had effectively driven the Spanish entirely from the modern Georgia coast. This campaign intensified hostilities between the Spanish and the English. It catalyzed British interest in settling the Savannah-Altamaha River region.</p><br>
<p>Further west, the French were moving down the Mississippi and into the Gulf region. In 1699 Pierre Le Moyne dIberville founded Biloxi, and Mobile, the first capital of French Louisiana, was settled in 1702. From these bases, French fur traders planned to move eastward to incorporate regional tribes, especially the Creek, into their business enterprise. In 1718, they built Fort Toulouse at the forks of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, in the heart of Creek country. This settlement, designed to take business from Carolina traders, was close to the Creek capital of Coweta. The British perceived it as a threat to their plans to control trade networks throughout the Southeast, especially among the Creek and Cherokee. The tribes geographical proximity to the Carolina colony made their stability vital. The British intended to expand their trade westward to other Southeast tribes, such as the Choctaw and Chickasaw.</p><br>
<p>In 1702, during the War of Spanish Succession, Spain and France allied against Great Britain. South Carolinians were bordered by enemies to the south and west, which intensified the competition for Native American alliances. That year, the British colonists learned of their enemies&#39; plan known as "Projet Sur La Caroline". Spanish Florida and French Louisiana allied forces intended to encircle South Carolina, especially with Native Americans. Officials in South Carolina convinced a large number of Yamasee to settle in the Beaufort, South Carolina area just north of the Savannah River basin. Good relations with the Yamasee ensured a protective buffer along the southern borders of the colony. The British also worked to maintain relations with the Creek and Cherokee tribes to the west. "Projet Sur La Caroline", while never implemented, left the South Carolina colonists with high anxiety for many years, and convinced officials of the necessity to maintain good Indian alliances.</p><br>
<p>The Yamasee War of 1715–1717 broke out. This war started because of grave injustices carried out by Carolina traders against their Native American clients. For many years the traders had been systematically cheating the Indians in the fur trade by using bogus weights and measures, applying tough credit standards, severely indebting Native American suppliers, and taking Indian slaves for unpaid debts. Finally, the Yamasee turned on South Carolina and nearly destroyed the colony. Virginia&#39;s support and Cherokee warriors helped deflect the Yamasee attacks.</p><br>
<p>After the surviving Yamasee were expelled, they migrated to the St. Augustine area and cultivated a new alliance with the Spanish. South Carolina was left weak and vulnerable with no military buffer along its southern fringes, and the war alienated the Creek tribes to the west.</p><br>
<p>During this same period, the number of slaves in the colony was growing exponentially to the point that blacks outnumbered whites. The Spanish attempted to incite revolts by offering runaway slaves freedom and land in St. Augustine. They enrolled escaped slaves into the Spanish army.</p><br>
<p>In 1718, French colonists successfully attacked Pensacola, a settlement controlled by Spanish Florida. By this time, Spain and France had started the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The French success threatened Charlestown officials, who were convinced the French aimed to conquer the Southeast. They built Fort Toulouse had been built in the heart of Creek country earlier that year. The French were more active among the Creek and it appeared as though they had designs to expand further east.</p><br>
<p>Frightened and upset, the colonists finally exercised their own revolt. They rebelled against the ineffective rule of the Proprietors back in England. South Carolina, being a colony that was governed by eight proprietors from across the ocean, had suffered under a proprietary rule. The economy of the colony was hampered by runaway inflation caused by reckless economic policies and unreasonable restrictions on land ownership and trade regulation. Of graver concern were the issues related to defense. The colonists and their officials wanted greater protection from the enemies on their borders. The Proprietors were not willing to fund greater military development. In 1719, the colonists finally had enough. That year they ousted governor Robert Johnson, a proprietary governor, and chose James Moore, an outspoken opponent of the proprietary rule, as his replacement. Secondly, they sent Carolina planter John Barnwell to petition British Parliament that South Carolina become a Royal colony. It just so happened that Parliament had been taking a greater interest in the colony and the prospects of bringing it under royal dominion. Though the colony was having internal economic problems, overall it was one of the most productive in producing cash crops such as rice and indigo.</p><br>
<p>Furthermore, the fur trade in the colony, creating nearly a fifth of its exports to Great Britain, was quite lucrative for merchants back in England. Finally, the Yamasee War had made many English officials realize that the preservation of South Carolina was principal in defending the British North American Empire. Without the colony and its economic activities, the empire would be significantly weakened. Therefore, the petition was granted and in August 1720, South Carolina became a royal colony, though in name only as it would be nearly a decade later until the Proprietors were truly nullified and the colony was officially taken over by the Crown in practice.</p><br>
<p>Many felt Royal control would improve defensive measures for the colony. However, things did not vastly improve, though Parliament did seem receptive to newer ideas and token measures were taken to aid the colony&#39;s defense.</p><br>
<p>Colonel John "Tuscarora Jack" Barnwell had come to South Carolina in 1699 from northern Ireland. He was a man of considerable talent and leadership skills. He gained a reputation during his successful fight against the Tuscarora Indians in North Carolina in 1712. He owned a large and successful plantation in Beaufort, South Carolina. Barnwell was influential in the colony and proposed defensive measures for it. He developed a plan that became the inspiration for Georgia. It involved building a series of forts in strategic locations along South Carolinas frontiers in order to check French and Spanish expansion. These forts would serve as launching points for towns where soldiers would receive land allotments and other furnishings to facilitate settlement. The settlements would be used to expand the colonys territory and trade with the Natives.</p><br>
<p>During his visit to Parliament in 1720, Barnwell petitioned the British Board of Trade to help implement his plan. He emphasized the French threat as opposed to the Spanish one, since at the time the French seemed to be gaining considerable ground in the Southeast. Before the Board, Barnwell argued the strong possibility of a French attack on the colony and possible takeover of its southern borders, especially at the headwaters of the Altamaha River (called the River May by the French). To secure this area from French encroachment, his first proposal was for a fort to be built along the Altamaha River. The British Board of Trade approved of his plan in building this fort.</p><br>
<p>Due to the South Sea Bubble financial crisis, the British economy was in shambles. The government had minimal funds to spare and it showed in how Fort King George was operated, resourced, and funded. Barnwell requested "young, robust" soldiers to man the fort. He realized that the environment along the Altamaha would be a tough one. A long seasoning process was inevitable for the settlers and it would take time for them to adapt and properly outfit the settlement. Instead, the British sent elderly "invalids" from Colonel Feldings 41st Regiment. This Independent Company, thereafter known as His Majestys Independent Company of Foot of South Carolina, was composed of three sergeants, three corporals, two drummers, and one hundred privates, all older men well past their prime. Governor Francis Nicholson of South Carolina was commissioned Captain of the Independent Company with Barnwell later being named Colonel. Initial officers included Lt. Joseph Lambert, Lt. John Emmenes, Ensigns Thomas Merryman and John Bowdler, Robert Mason as the surgeon, with Thomas Hesketh as Chaplain. Most of the soldiers and officers, including Barnwell, perished at the fort by 1727.</p><br>
<p>With the land allotments, tools, and farming implements, the soldiers were expected to establish a new settlement around the fort. This was the first British attempt to populate the Altamaha River region. It planned to have other settlers follow to the fort. Fort King George was highly significant in that it represented the culmination of a nearly 200-year European struggle to control the Southeast. By constructing the fort, the British dominated the river and its surrounding territory. It started a diplomatic feud with the Spanish, eventually leading to war between the two nations. The feud ended with the British success at the Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simons Island in 1742, several years after the fort had been abandoned. Though the fort was considered a failure in the near term, it ultimately contributed to Georgia&#39;s establishment and early success.</p><br>
<h3>The Fort&#39;s construction and demise</h3><br>
<p>From the time of its construction in 1721 to its abandonment in 1727, Fort King George was beset by one miserable experience after another. When the Independent Company embarked from London in November 1720, there may have been some room for optimism among the soldiers. Each was to receive many acres of land surrounding the fort, something unimaginable in the class-driven societies of England. Additionally, they would be given cattle and seed for growing crops to develop farms. Also, resources necessary for developing new homes and farms would be available. However, such possible optimism probably soon faded beneath a very harsh reality. All the soldiers contracted scurvy on the voyage over to South Carolina. Immediately upon landing the following March, the soldiers were placed in a hospital in Port Royal, South Carolina, where they would spend time recovering throughout the remainder of that year.</p><br>
<p>Left with no troops, Colonel Barnwell&#39;s only option was to enlist Coastal Scouts and civilians to help him construct the fort. Coastal Scouts were hardened seamen whose organization dated all the way back to the early 18th century in South Carolina. They were formed to establish some semblance of a navy for the colony. Their role was akin to marines, to patrol the waterways in scout boats up and down the coast between Beaufort and St. Augustine, and engage the enemy from their boats if necessary. They were also charged with the task of provisioning outlying forts on the frontier. Many scouts may have been former pirates as South Carolina was a den for many in the 1680s and 1690s when the colony started cracking down on piracy, arresting pirates and then offering them clemency in exchange for their oath to the King and services in the colony. Barnwell complained bitterly in his journal about all his troubles with them. He referred to them as "Continually (sic) sotting" and described them as "a wild Idle (sic) people" who were highly disobedient.</p><br>
<p>In one incident, during a bout of drunkenness, one prankster scout actually picked Barnwell up and heaved him over his shoulder pretending to carry Barnwell to his boat. Instead, he dropped the colonel in the water, forcing Barnwell to lie all night in wet clothes on his boat, something Barnwell later attributed to a sickness he soon contracted. Barnwell, ill-tempered, no doubt got his revenge somehow, but the incident goes to show there was little formal discipline in the wild frontiers of South Carolina. Barnwell needed the scouts to get the fort underway, and they were noted for being highly prone toward dissension and possible mutiny. Given the proximity to St. Augustine and the likeliness of desertion Barnwell, no doubt, had to be quite a bit more tolerant than most Colonels dealing with troops on the front lines of Europe.</p><br>
<p>Although their relationship was rough, Barnwell did manage to gain some progress during construction of the fort that summer in 1721. The forts blockhouse was completed by the fall. The men had to go 3 mi upriver to find adequate cypress trees to cut for the blockhouses framework and siding. They nearly mutinied so Barnwell had to offer extra pay, and probably extra rum rations, to provide incentives for the men to go back out to cut more trees. Also, in addition to these accomplishments, Barnwell managed to sound out much of the river and charted a route down the coast to St. Simons Island. He was impressed with the obvious logistical advantage of this island and decided to propose moving the fort there. He was repeatedly denied by the legislature due to cost prohibitions.</p><br>
<p>By early 1722, the Independent Company was stationed at Fort King George. Within a year nearly half of them had died, mostly from diseases such as dysentery and malaria. The forts officers periodically intimated in letters that the men were not well motivated. They had difficulty getting the men to tend to their lots, to build fences in order to entrap roaming cattle supplied for the troops and to grow crops. A lack of development made life even more miserable. A few soldiers deserted to St. Augustine. Still, others stayed through death from the elements was nearly a certainty. By later that year the forts guardhouse was being called a hospital for "treating the sick".</p><br>
<p>Some excitement did occur periodically. In 1722, Indian agent Theophilus Hastings reported to the legislature that 170 Yamasee Indians were prepared to attack Fort King George. It seems, he indicated, that the Spanish "were playing their old game". Apparently, it was presumed that the Spanish were inciting the attack to test the fort&#39;s defensibility. Unfortunately, the records do not indicate whether or not the attack actually happened, however, if it did the fort must have survived unabated.</p><br>
<p>Later on that year, some unexpected visitors arrived at the fort. A company of "Switzers", Swiss soldiers, had deserted a settlement on the Mississippi River and had made their way to Fort King George where they sought asylum. Switzers were under the employ of the French government in their colony of Louisiana. These men were charged with the toilsome duty of digging canals and were often overworked and mistreated. This was probably the reason for their desertion. It also indicates that the French were quite aware of Britain&#39;s occupation at the mouth of the Altamaha and were apparently discussing it openly among all Louisiana settlers. Even though Carolina officials were having a hard time getting much-needed recruits at the fort, to replace the dying soldiers, they did not let all the Switzers stay there.</p><br>
<p>Instead, they allowed them to "disperse themselves into the colony as they pleased". However, they did request that any skilled Switzers, up to six total, stay behind to assist with construction. One of them obviously was a skilled artist and penned one of the fort&#39;s most descriptive drawings entitled, "A Plan of Fort King George at Allatamaha South Carolina". The drawing clearly displays intentions for the fort to be a triangular-shaped structure with only one bastion jutting out on the northwestern side, the only direction in which the fort could most likely be attacked by land. The eastern and southern sides of the fort were fully protected by natural wetlands thus making a land assault from those directions impossible. Also, the fort was designed to include a barracks, ninety feet long and fourteen feet wide, a guardhouse, an officers’ quarters, several indigenous huts, a very impressive parapet, a house of office (privy), and a dock for the scout boat, in addition to the blockhouse discussed previously.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish had been protesting the British occupation of the Altamaha ever since Fort King George was first built. In 1724, some Spanish envoys came to address grievances over the construction of the fort. However, they were not allowed to enter Fort King George because the Governor and commanders were worried that if they were to enter and inspect, the fort&#39;s security could be compromised. As such, the envoys were diverted to Charlestown where they had to express their grievances. Although Governor Nicholson welcomed them and treated them graciously, he did not accept their arguments and maintained the right of the British to settle the Altamaha River region. The Spanish were infuriated and over the next several years an intense game of diplomatic jousting ensued.</p><br>
<p>More drawings of the fort indicate that the fort was developing even though hardships seemed abundant. A 1726 drawing reveals the fort was fortified with a parapet that, in critical places, consisted of firing steps, a firing wall held against a breastwork made of earth, a palisade fence, and a moat. Fronting the river to the south, the fort was protected from naval assault by nine cannon emplacements. Each emplacement had a six-pounder cannon mounted on it. Also, several swivel guns were positioned throughout the fort, primarily around the gates. Most important, the fort was positioned on the closed end of a horseshoe-shaped bend in the river. Typical of the time period, this positioning prevented passing enemy ships a convenient firing off broadsides on the fort.</p><br>
<p>Instead, all ships would have to approach the fort bow (nose) first, thus making it harder for enemy sailors to position the boat sideways so as to fire through cannon ports at the fort. The fort was by all appearances a standard "pallisado" fort very typical of the type built on frontiers during the time period. They were primarily designed to be temporary until something more substantial could be built. Such forts, made from earthen materials and indigenous wood, were very practical for frontier defense as the materials were relatively easy to gather and transport to site. Also, these fortifications could easily be repaired if damaged, as materials were relatively available and indigenous to the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1724, Colonel Barnwell died at his plantation in Beaufort due to failing health, probably brought on by hardships during his tenure at the fort. Earlier, he had been declared to be Governor of the territory in addition to being the forts commander. Though his dreams of seeing South Carolina bounded by a barrier of defensive settlements had been initiated, by the time of his death the reality of its successful fruition seemed bleak. Though dead, his legacy lived on later through General James Oglethorpe who borrowed heavily from Colonel Barnwells ideas.</p><br>
<p>In late 1725 or early 1726, the fort burned under mysterious circumstances. It was suggested by the fort&#39;s reporting officer, Capt. Edward Massey, that the men stationed there may have been responsible for it, or at least, they did not rush to put the fires out "in hopes by the destruction of the Fort (sic) they should be delivered from the Miseries (sic) they had so long suffered." The soldiers probably desperately wanted to go back home or anywhere but Fort King George, three days away from Beaufort. If this was the case, their wishes did not come true. The fort was ordered rebuilt, this time with inferior cypress deal planking. Life did not improve.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in 1727, British Parliament ordered that Fort King George be abandoned and that the Independent Company be moved to Port Royal, South Carolina. In all, one hundred and forty soldiers and officers lost their lives at the fort, probably mostly from the diseases. The forts officer, Lt. Emmenes, writing the justification of the forts evacuation, set the unwholesome climate and the ineffectiveness of the forts location. He stated that the fort would be no more useful to the safety of the colony if it had been "placed in Japan." Writing with a clear hint of indignation, Massey complained about the poor provisions and indicated grave concern that the men may mutiny if "they have no hopes of being relieved." Also, the fort was prone to periodic flooding which worsened conditions. Yamasee Indian raids were still occurring along the southern borders thus illustrating the failure of Fort King Georges intent to secure the southern border.</p><br>
<p>Six years after its establishment the fort was abandoned with two lookouts left behind. South Carolina colonists and officials were gravely disappointed and even more so alarmed by the diplomatic sensitivities it had flared. Until Georgia was settled, expansionists were determined to re-establish some settlement on the Altamaha. By 1730, the issue of southern border defense had become an even more vexing and contentious one. Around this time, Governor Robert Johnson ordered that several towns be settled along the Altamaha in order to maintain Britains claim to the area. Also, the South Carolina legislature relayed desires to have another fort or settlement built along the Altamaha. However, these measures never came to fruition. The demise of Fort King George once again brought an increase in anxieties over South Carolinas security.</p><br>
<p>Though the outlook may have seemed disappointing, there were a few silver linings. Fort King George actually did serve the colony well, not for its effectiveness, because it was largely ineffective, but for what it taught British imperialists. First, the hardships suffered by the Company of "Invalids" at Fort King George taught imperialists the necessity of peopling the Altamaha with a young, tough, and hardy people. It was a harsh, dangerous environment that could not be tamed by the weak-of-heart or faint-in-design. Settlers there would have to be able to withstand a harsh seasoning period. Also, being so far removed from civilization, Altamaha settlers would have to be thrifty, self-reliant, and industrious. Furthermore, these people would need incentives to develop a strong settlement and establish the industry. Secondly, diplomatic entanglements with the Spanish over Fort King George shifted much focus away from the French and problems of western defense, and more toward defenses on the southern frontier. As such, there was a greater focus on protecting the colony with fortresses and settlements along the coastal area, especially the barrier islands and their surrounding inlets. This is why General Oglethorpe later borrowed from Barnwells idea for a fort to be built on St. Simons Island, where Fort Frederica, Oglethorpes military base, was constructed in 1736. Additionally, he added forts and settlements near Skidaway Island, near the mouth of the Ogeechee River, near the headwaters of the Altamaha, on Cumberland Island, and on Amelia Island. This coastal defense system was instrumental in the eventual successful defense of Georgia under Spanish attack in the 1740s. As such, the struggles and failures of Fort King George showed future empire builders a better way of defense, thus lending much credit to them for heeding the old adage, "those who do not learn from history are destined to repeat it." Oglethorpe and his fellow Georgians did not repeat the mistakes made in the handling of Fort King George, though they did largely stick to a similar plan of defense. However, the plan was implemented with a much more effective, well-planned, and well-supported strategy.</p><br>
<h3>Fort King George&#39;s legacy for Georgia</h3><br>
<p>During Fort King Georges existence and demise, the South Carolina Legislature, Governor, and other imperialists started developing other alternatives for defending the colonys vulnerable southern border. During the 1720s, a Swiss gentleman, entrepreneur, and colonial adventurer Jean-Pierre de Pury started planning for a settlement of Swiss colonists in the area between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. Proclaiming its location to be in the Earths ideal climate region, near 33 degrees latitude, he proposed that the name of the colony be Georgia. Though this settlement looked quite promising at first, it fell apart at the last moment due to a lack of adequate funding and support from the Proprietors. Eventually, however, Pury would settle Purrysburg, but it would be after Georgias founding, and it was positioned north of the Savannah River rather than south of it. However, though the project did fail, it was successful in drawing greater attention throughout England to the area and proved especially enticing to English philanthropists looking to provide some sort of refuge for poor debtors.</p><br>
<p>From these two interests, the idea Georgia was spawned. Once a group of Trustees was formed, they decided to use debtor-prisoners to people the colony of Georgia, which was to be nestled in the Savannah-Altamaha River region, formerly known as the Margravate of Azilla, based upon a previously failed settlement scheme in 1717. This would allow them to escape the misfortune of Britain&#39;s harsh penal code and poverty, and to start over in a new land while simultaneously serving a valuable function for the British Crown. However, by the time recruitment efforts were complete, and the ships were loaded for the voyage to Georgia, not a single colonists was in debt. In fact, most were middle-class artisans and craftsmen whose interests in starting life new abroad was so great, the earlier plan for a debtors’ colony ended up being quite changed. Nevertheless, the colony was to be established as a haven for citizen-soldiers whose primary purpose was in defending the empire, while simultaneously contributing to her mercantilist economy as well with the production of cash crops, timber, furs, and naval stores. Lawyers were forbidden, for obvious reasons, as were, for security reasons.</p><br>
<p>The colony had many early growing pains that included a harsh seasoning period when many settlers died, struggles over whether to admit slaves, conflicts with South Carolina over fur trading rights, and disputes over everything from legalization of rum consumption to land rights. Still, Oglethorpe was quite adept at using his Native American neighbors to facilitate the colony&#39;s initial success.</p><br>
<p>He was also quite savvy at using the previous history as a guide. Oglethorpe knew he had to establish a successful settlement on the Altamaha and the surrounding areas. In 1735 he had Captain George Dunbar visit the ruins of Fort King George. Though his report on the site is vague (it only talks about surveyor lines being laid out, probably done so by the soldiers earlier at Fort King George), Oglethorpe&#39;s later actions demonstrate his unhappiness with the site.</p><br>
<p>Oglethorpe ordered the Highlanders to land at "Barnwells Bluff", but later moved the settlement about 1 mi farther up-river, probably due to the periodic flooding of the bluff and its proximity to the marsh, something attributable to malaria outbreaks in this time period Also, though it is not stated in records, it stands to reason that Oglethorpe was familiar with the earlier hardships endured at Fort King George. He may even have read Barnwells journal and other records indicating the difficulties of settling the site on the Altamaha. The intense climate and harsh natural surroundings along the Altamaha, coupled with history, compelled Oglethorpe to seek a resilient group of people to settle the area. Also, he knew he had to use good logistics in how he established his fortification system along this vast stretch of coast, and that the Altamaha settlement would be a crucial cornerstone of his system.</p><br>
<p>The Georgia coast was as geologically unique in the early 18th century as it is to this day. Approximately one-third of all marshlands found on the east coast lie in coastal Georgia, which dips away from the continental shelf considerably farther than any other section of eastern North America. This produces a funnel effect that causes Georgia&#39;s coastline to ensure a greater concentration of tidal waters. The results are excessive fluctuations in tides, sometimes as high as 10 to 12 feet. Over years, this dramatic tidal shift has produced dynamic currents that have created a labyrinth of rivers, inlets, shoals, sounds, and sandbars contained behind ever-changing barrier islands. From a military perspective, due to its geographical complexity, the Georgia coast is the ideal place to build a defensive system.</p><br>
<p>This is exactly why Oglethorpe was very careful in the people he chose to settle and defend the Altamaha. Oglethorpes military experience and training had taught him that Scottish Highlanders were among the toughest people in the world. For generations, they had forged a livelihood out of the mountainous ranges of the Highlands with its rocky, stubborn soils, and cruel weather patterns. The Scots had been united with the English into the United Kingdom since the Act of Union in 1707 however it was hardly a relationship of equals. Scottish people over many centuries had endured many cases of abuse from the English. When they werent being exploited at home, Scottish troops were often hired mercenaries used to fight British wars abroad. With their broadswords, targes (pronounced targe, and used as a hand shield), and their dirks, they were the finest hand-to-hand combatants in the world. Though clannish, often insular, and politically unstable at home, the Scots were a force to be reckoned with on the battlefield, a perfect ingredient for frontier defense in the wildernesses along the Georgia coast where conventional warfare was not going to be the norm.</p><br>
<p>Thus, in late 1735 Oglethorpe sent Captain Dunbar and Lt. Hugh MacKay to the Highlands of Scotland to recruit potential settlers for Georgias Altamaha frontier settlement. Many Scots were eager to come. Home life was rough due to English oppression and a feudal system that tied many Scottish families to small unproductive lands with limited opportunities, but North America offered plenty of hope. To lure them, the Trustees offered each family 50 acre allotments, something most Scotsmen never even dreamed of owning in their homeland. Also, recruiters told the Scots each man would be armed with a firelock, a broadsword, and an axe. Recently, the English had passed laws disarming the Scots and making it unlawful for them to bear their traditional weapons. They were also to be given cattle, farming implements, and seed for crops. 177 Scots boarded the Prince of Wales in November 1735, en route to their new home in Georgia. Of these, most came from the Inverness area and were a part of the Chattan Confederation. They consisted of McIntoshes, McDonalds, MacBeans, MacKays, Frasers, Forbes, Clarks, Baillies, Cameron, and a host of other traditional Highland clan names. They disembarked at Savannah in early January 1736, and a short time later made their way to the new settlement on the Altamaha. Their settlement began at "Barnwells Bluff", near the old ruins of Fort King George.</p><br>
<p>Oglethorpe visited the site the following February and was informed that the Scots had chosen to name their town Darien. This was to honor the previous Scottish settlement of Darien that had occurred earlier on the Isthmus of Panama in 1695, only to be subsequently destroyed by the Spanish. On his visit, Oglethorpe dressed in the traditional Highland kilt to show his respect for the Scots. As an additional show of respect, he refused comfortable sleeping quarters and preferred to sleep with the Highlander men out under a large oak tree.</p><br>
<p>One other issue probably addressed by Oglethorpe at this time was related to the place of settlement. He clearly must not have liked Lower Bluff where old Fort King George once was and at some point, he ordered the Scots to move their town further up the bluff (the modern-day site of the Darien bridge).</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1736, the Scots had moved their town and it began to thrive. Though there were definitely hardships along the way, the Scots of Darien went on to be Georgias most useful settlers. In the ensuing years, they were integral in establishing a timber industry in Georgia as thousands of feet of lumber were shipped down the Altamaha River and processed at sawmills in Darien. Also, key Scottish figures in Georgia were instrumental in establishing better trade relations with the Creek Native Americans. There were numerous other commercial and social contributions given by the Scots at Darien. However, their most crucial role was that of a military nature. When the Spanish invaded Georgia out of Florida in July 1742, it was the Scots of Darien who were instrumental in defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simons Island, July 7, 1742. This successful battle helped bring to an end the struggle for empire in the Southeast and worked to cement Great Britains hold on the area, as the Spanish never again really posed a serious threat to Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Over the next many generations, the Scots of Darien branched out into other frontiers of North America. Today, many families of Scottish ancestry owe their existence in the United States to those Scots who came to Darien, Georgia, a major gateway of Scottish settlement in the colonial era.</p><br>
<p>All these developments were made possible through the idea and existence of Fort King George. It served in some way as a blueprint toward the successful defense of Georgia, and consequently, inspired an economy and commerce that lent itself tremendously toward the colonys early success. Much of the colonys early structures were built out of cypress and yellow pine cut from swamps along the Altamaha River. This industry in timber became a staple element of Georgias economy throughout the colonial period and on into the 20th century. It is ironic that Fort King George had to fail for Georgia to succeed. It was the lessons wrought from experiences at the frontier fort that helped guide Oglethorpe in his defensive efforts of the colony. Also, had Fort King George succeeded, the colony of South Carolina would have been expanded to the Altamaha River and South Carolina would have progressed from there, leaving little reason or justification for the colony of Georgia. Of even greater import are the lessons Fort King George taught about the type of settlers necessary on the Georgia frontier. When Oglethorpe and the Trustees developed plans for the colony, they envisaged a colony of citizen-soldiers whose dual roles of defense and development would achieve success. Although they did serve as soldiers, it was the early colonists’ role as citizens that counted most toward the growth of the colonys commerce and economy. Families, as opposed to soldiers alone, proved more likely to develop a devout personal interest in defending their new home, especially as the economy developed and homesteads were established. Finally, the town of Darien owes its origins to Fort King George. The site is where the town and its sawmilling tradition began.</p><br>
<h2>Fort King George State Historic Site development</h2><br>
<p>For nearly two centuries after its evacuation, little was written about or known of Fort King George. Occasionally, there are references to a "Barnwells Bluff", "Old Fort", or "First Landing", in the records, but Fort King George seemed to have faded into history. In the early 20th century there was groundbreaking research into the early history of the state, and much work was published about the early struggles for empire in the colonial era. In 1929 historian Verner Crane published his monumental book, The Southern Frontier, which comprehensively covered the period from 1670 to 1732. Other works, such as Herbert Bolton and Mary Rosss The Debatable Land helped shed light on the military struggles of the Southeast during the colonial period. Also, a plethora of articles on Georgias early colonial struggles were written during this period. Cranes work about the contentious southern frontier was the first to describe the context for Fort King George and Barnwell&#39;s scheme of settling the Altamaha River region.</p><br>
<p>Sometime in the 1930s, Dariens local historian Bessie Lewis, then a history teacher, read Cranes monumental work. She made many trips to Charleston to study British Public Records for information about the former Fort King George. Lewis, or "Miss Bessie", as the locals fondly called her, discovered extensive material about the fort, including vital written records, descriptions, account ledgers, and several drawings with geographical details. This guided her in trying to locate the original site of the fort. Archeological excavations conducted later helped substantiate her claims. During the first excavations on the site in the 1940s, more than one dozen soldiers&#39; graves were uncovered.</p><br>
<p>Miss Bessie and other locals organized the Fort King George Association and worked to have the site developed for a state historic site. In 1949, the state acquired the fort site from the Sea Island Company, a development organization. The Association envisioned a site with a museum and reconstructed replica of Fort King George, but little development took place. In the 1950s, the state installed a monument and headstones in the soldiers’ cemetery and a few picnic tables. The Association continued to lobby for reconstruction of the fort.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, the Georgia Historical Commission acquired the site. Money was allotted for building a museum in 1967, and Fort King George Historic Site became a reality. In 1972, the site was taken over by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) - the Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites Division. In 1987, the site manager Ken Akins and the Lower Altamaha Historical Society teamed up in a drive to raise money to reconstruct the forts blockhouse. With a matching fund from the DNR, the forts reconstructed blockhouse was completed and dedicated in fall 1988. It was the center of the site&#39;s activities and programs until development in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Georgia State Senator Renee Kemp, from 1999 to 2002, helped gain several hundred thousand dollars in capital investment for the site to reconstruct the forts enlisted soldiers’ barracks, guardhouse, and officers’ quarters. Site staff re-constructed the forts firing walls and firing steps. Over the years, site staff has added various other features. In 2004, with the installation of the fort&#39;s front and back gates, the fort was officially declared to be entirely reconstructed, something Miss Bessie had dreamed of more than five decades earlier but not lived to see.</p><br>
<p>Fort King George Historic Site has become one of Georgia&#39;s premier tourist attractions, with more than 30,000 visitors annually. Site personnel provide a wide range of living history programs dealing with Colonial Life and Military Science.</p><br>
<p>The Union Street–Academy Hill Historic District makes up most of downtown Montgomery, New York, United States. It abuts the smaller Bridge Street Historic District to the northwest. The district has been on the National Register of Historic Places since November 21, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by Hanover Street, one block west of Union Street (NY 211), Ward Street (NY 17K) on the north, Wallkill Avenue to the east and Sears Street to the south. The 300-acre (1.2 km) rectangle-shaped historic district contains 83 buildings, many of them houses that date to the early and mid-19th century and exemplify popular contemporary architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The Frank W. Thomas House is a historic house located at 210 Forest Avenue in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1901 and cast in the Wright-developed Prairie School of Architecture. By Wright&#39;s own definition, this was the first of the Prairie houses - the rooms are elevated, and there is no basement. The house also includes many of the features which became associated with the style, such as a low roof with broad overhangs, casement windows, built-in shelves and cabinets, ornate leaded glass windows and central hearths/fireplaces. Tallmadge & Watson, a Chicago firm that became part of the Prairie School of Architects, added an addition to the rear of the house in 1923.</p><br>
<p>On September 14, 1972, the Frank Thomas House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau de Mores in Medora, North Dakota, United States, is a historic home built by the Marquis de Mores in 1883 as a hunting lodge and summer home for his family and guests. The home is now part of the 128 acre Chateau de Mores State Historic Site, which also includes Chimney Park and de Mores Memorial Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marquis was a French aristocrat and entrepreneur who came to the Dakota badlands in 1883 to establish a new kind of cattle operation. He planned to slaughter and cold pack his cattle and ship it east in refrigerated rail cars. The slaughterhouse was built in the town which the Marquis founded and named for his wife, Medora Marie Von Hoffman. Medora was named for her aunt, the second wife of Samuel Cutler Ward. She was also the granddaughter of John Randolph Grymes and his wife Suzette Claiborne, who was also the third wife of Gov. William C.C. Claiborne. He built many structures in the town for those he employed in his operations, including St. Marys Catholic Church. For three years the small town bustled, but in 1886 the operation collapsed due to drought, competition from meat packers back east, and the Marquis own lack of business experience, and the plant was abandoned. The Marquis and his family returned to Europe, but left behind a small town rife with the flavor and romanticism of the American Old West.</p><br>
<p>The chateau was occupied seasonally by the family for only three years from 1883 to 1886. During the harsh winter months they would go to France, returning again in spring. After 1886 the Marquis visited the chateau twice, in 1887 and 1889, while Medora and their children visited only once more in 1903 after the Marquis&#39; death, at which time she spent six weeks there.</p><br>
<p>From this time on the house was maintained by caretakers. They would ready the house for occupation in the spring but the family never returned. The eldest son gave the caretakers permission to operate the chateau as a boarding house in 1921. During this period the house suffered from theft and lack of maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The home and the land on which it sat was given to the state of North Dakota in 1936 on the condition that it be maintained and opened to the public. It was restored from 1937 to 1941 by the Civilian Conservation Corps and again in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Chateau de Mores is currently operated as a museum by the State Historical Society of North Dakota. It is open to the public with guided tours available. Its features include reproduced carpets and wallpaper and authentic artifacts, along with period furniture. A permanent exhibit focuses on the Marquis de Mores, who built the house, and changing exhibit galleries include displays of art, culture and history.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The chateau itself is a two-story 26-room wood-frame building. The house is not a true chateau but was given the name by locals. While rough by aristocratic standards it was considerably more luxurious than most contemporary homes built by Dakota settlers, which were mostly constructed of sod or logs.</p><br>
<p>The Bridge Street historic district is the smaller of two that make up the downtown area of the village of Montgomery in Orange County, New York. It is located along Bridge Street, just off NY 17K as it enters the village by crossing the Wallkill River at Ward&#39;s Bridge, hence its name. The Union Street-Academy Hill Historic District is located immediately to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The district is primarily residential. Its 28 houses are generally older than their counterparts in the larger district, with the oldest dating to 1792. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Fire Museum of Greater Cincinnati, also known as the Cincinnati Fire Museum, preserves and exhibits Greater Cincinnati, Ohio&#39;s firefighting artifacts and honors firefighters, both past and present.</p><br>
<p>Over 200 years of firefighting history is on display in the Fire Museum of Greater Cincinnati. Exhibits include examples of early leather fire buckets, an 1808 fire drum, the oldest surviving fire engine in Cincinnati, and an 1836 hand pumper. The museum also features and interactive exhibit that allows visitors to experience a modern Emergency-One fire engine cab by wailing the siren, ringing the bell, and flashing the lights.</p><br>
<h2>Court Street Firehouse</h2><br>
<p>The fire museum is housed in the restored 1906 Court Street Firehouse at 315 West Court Street (near Plum Street in Downtown Cincinnati). The firehouse was part of the Cincinnati Fire Department. The Court Street Firehouse is a registered historic building, listed in the National Register on July 18, 1974.</p><br>
<p>Pleasant Home, also known as the John Farson House, is a historic home located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The large, Prairie style mansion was designed by architect George Washington Maher and completed in 1897. The house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 19, 1972. Exactly 24 years later, in 1996, it was declared a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pleasant Home, historically known as the John Farson House, derives its common name from its location, at the intersection of Pleasant Street and Home Avenue in Oak Park.</p><br>
<p>Herbert S. Mills owned The Mills Novelty Company, the maker of the Mills Violano-Virtuoso, an electric self-playing violin and piano mechanism. In 2009 a fully restored Mills Violano was installed at Pleasant Home by the Mills Novelty Company and Haughawout Music Company and is currently on display.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant Home was situated on a larger lot, which was converted to a park now called Mills Park. Situated on the lot were also a greenhouse and a coach house where horse carriages and horses were originally kept, and later automobiles. The coach house and greenhouse have since been demolished due to deterioration from insufficient upkeep.</p><br>
<p>Restoration began on the house in 1966 with a US$26,000 rewiring project. In 1970, at a cost of more than $40,000, a number of tasks were completed in the restoration process. On the home&#39;s exterior, the fascia and soffit were rebuilt as needed and the roof was repaired as well. Also on the exterior, the wood surfaces were repainted. The repairs were conducted in a manner consistent with the original design and construction of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Pleasant Home is an important example of early Prairie style. The house is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places; it was added on June 19, 1972. The Farson House is among the earliest of the Prairie style buildings. The house is considered the finest surviving example of Maher&#39;s work.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society of Oak Park and River Forest was for many years located on the second floor of the Pleasant Home,</p><br>
<p>but the society moved to the Landmark Firehouse at Lake and Lombard Streets in Oak Park in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Garrett White House, sometimes referred to as the Garrett-White House, is a historic structure in Colerain, Bertie County, North Carolina. The house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as constructed in 1785, though some other sources give the date of construction as 1780.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Garrett White House is a late Georgian house, near the community of Trap in Bertie County, North Carolina, about six miles (10 km) west of the Chowan River, shortly before it becomes the Albemarle Sound. The late-Georgian architecture is "relatively rare in Bertie County, where Federal and Greek Revival period buildings predominated." The plantation house was built originally on the hall and parlor plan. It was remodelled less than twenty years later, when the Hope Mansion was built and the Federal style became fashionable in the Albemarle region. Most of the earlier woodwork and chimney pieces were reused, but the house was given the central hall plan it has today. The house retains all of its original woodwork and some of its plaster. The pier structure has been retained, so the massive sill timbering is easily viewed.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Jesse Garrett, a farmer and slave owner. Much of the interior of the house is fabricated from first growth pine, and it is possible that the artisans who crafted the woodwork and panelling were from the enslaved community.</p><br>
<p>Jesse Garrett was born in 1725 on the east side of the Chowan River. He later moved to the west side, became a flourishing landowner and built a "manor house." He farmed the acres around the community now known as Trap, and also owned a grist mill on Barbeque Swamp, about half a mile west of the present site of the house. In addition to the twenty enslaved African Americans he owned, he also had a family of ten living in the house.</p><br>
<p>The Census and Court records affirm that for 200 years the house was lived in by only two families, the Garretts and the Whites. After Jacob Hill White bought the property in 1849 he gave 1 acre of his land to the trustees of the Church of Christ at Philadelphia, a small congregation in the community of Trap. The church was renamed the Mars Hill Baptist Church, and the surrounding community, now often referred to as Mars Hill, became a center of education, founding the Mars Hill High School.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War the house is identified as belonging to "Mrs. White." This could either be Jacob&#39;s wife, or Elizabeth White, perhaps his mother, a wealthy woman listed as living in the household in 1850. She would have been 83 when the map which identifies the house was drawn. Elizabeth White is listed as having personal property &ndash; probably enslaved workers &ndash; valued at $9,000.</p><br>
<p>After the death of the last White family occupant, the house was sold, but it was unoccupied until it was bought by Preservation North Carolina and resold under covenants to the present owners in 1996. A program of restoration was begun, which is largely complete. The original chimney pieces, which had previously been removed from the house without the consent of any of the owners, were recovered by Preservation North Carolina and have been reinstalled. The early 19th century porch/piazza has been rebuilt using the mortise and tenon joints uncovered during restoration.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Grove Plantation, the home of Charles and Mary Moore, was built in 1765 on a land grant given by King George III. The property is located in Roebuck in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Charles Moore was a school teacher and used the 3,000 acre plantation as a farm. The Moores had ten children, and some of their descendants still live within the area.</p><br>
<p>The eldest daughter, Margaret Catharine Moore (best known as Kate Barry), served as a scout for General Daniel Morgan during the Battle of Cowpens. Kate Moore Barry is credited with planting the grove of black walnut trees.</p><br>
<p>Today, the main house has been renovated and preserved. Tours are given throughout the Manor as well as the other houses, including a schoolhouse, a wheat house, and several other structures.</p><br>
<p>A stain on the floor of the upstairs bedroom in the manor was for a long time believed to be the blood of a patriot named John Steadman, who was killed by Tory forces led by "Bloody" Bill Cunningham. The stain and this story were popular with tourists. As 21st-century research determined the stain was not from human blood, tour guides have been prohibited from attributing it to the Steadman murder.</p><br>
<p>The Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District, roughly bounded by Jackson, 15th, and 8th Streets, as well as the Union Pacific main line, is located in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Today this historic district includes several buildings listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Union Pacific Depot and the Burlington Station.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Union Pacific Railroad was of central importance to the growth of Omaha, particularly between 1887 and 1945. Buildings in the Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District were built to serve business related to the main line of the transcontinental railroad, which runs through the present-day district. Large warehouses, manufacturing warehouses, transfer and storage companies, and service businesses filled the area.</p><br>
<p>Today, the buildings border the Old Market, and serve as apartments, artist studios and other commercial enterprises.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Several buildings within the Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are significant for their local history.</p><br>
<p>St. Patricks Church is a Catholic church and parish in the Archdiocese of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The parish was founded in 1833, and the current structure was completed in 1840. It is the second-oldest parish in New Orleans , located upriver from the French Quarter at 724 Camp Street in what is now the Central Business District. The building, a National Historic Landmark, is one of the nations earliest and finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first major development in New Orleans outside of the Vieux Carré was Faubourg St. Mary, begun after 1788; the area is now the core of the Central Business District and Warehouse District. The Faubourg came to be known as the "American Quarter," as differentiated from the French Quarter. Irish immigration in the early nineteenth century brought English-speaking Catholics to the city, many of whom settled in the new commercial district of Faubourg St. Mary. The religious and linguistic demographics of the city were changing; Catholicism in New Orleans had been dominated by the Creoles, descendants of the French, Spanish, and African (both enslaved and free) settlers of the previous century. By the 1830s, a church was needed for those who did not speak French.</p><br>
<p>In 1833, Bishop Leo-Raymond de Neckere established a new parish in Faubourg St. Mary, St. Patrick&#39;s Church. Construction of a permanent church building began later in the decade and was completed in 1840. During the 1849-1851 rebuilding of St. Louis Cathedral, the church was named pro-cathedral of the diocese.</p><br>
<p>The decades after the churchs establishment saw anti-immigrant violence involving the Know Nothing Party. Father James Mullon, whose portrait hangs in the back of the church, was pastor at the time and held significant clout in the city. Many nativists feared that he and the Irish were taking control of New Orleans from the establishment. St. Patricks remained an anchor of the local Church throughout the events of the tumultuous decades that followed, including the infamous occupation of the city by Union troops under the unpopular Major General Benjamin Butler during the American Civil War. During the war, the outspoken Mullon, who had been pastor by then for decades, was accosted by Butler for refusing to preside at the funeral of a Union soldier. Mullon responded, in a moment of local lore, by apologizing and remarking that he would gladly preside at the funerals of Butler and all the Union troops.</p><br>
<p>The church building was named a National Historic Landmark in 1975. A major restoration, lasting from 1978 to 1990, preserved the structure so that the parish could continue to serve the people of New Orleans as it had for 150 years.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Katrina</h3><br>
<p>Located on relatively high ground near the river, St. Patrick&#39;s was not in the flood zone during and after Hurricane Katrina and did not experience significant physical damage. Its parishioners and regular churchgoers come from throughout the archdiocese and were scattered by the hurricane like everyone else.</p><br>
<p>In keeping with St. Patricks history as New Orleans second oldest parish, it and St. Louis Cathedral held the first masses in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina on Sunday, October 2, 2005. The New York Times reported the reopening of both churches, quoting one parishioner regarding the ringing of the bell in the tower, "You can call this a homecoming bell for New Orleans. We have good news we want to get out."</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s is in the Gothic style, with a fairly simple exterior but a highly ornate interior. Doorways, windows, the organ, and the altar all conform to architectural design. The bell tower is 185 ft tall; some nineteenth century aerial views of New Orleans were painted from its roof. The interior of the nave is 85 ft tall. Slender columns support the fan vaulting of the ceiling, which is particularly elaborate above the altar, incorporating sixteen stained glass windows in a half-dome. Three large paintings above the altar depict, from left to right: Saint Patrick, the Transfiguration of Jesus, and Jesus Christ pulling Saint Peter from the sea.</p><br>
<p>The architect of St. Patricks Church was James H. Dakin, who designed a number of buildings in Louisiana, including the Old State Capitol in Baton Rouge. Problems related to the citys notoriously high water table drew in another prominent local architect, James Gallier, to oversee the construction.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s is located on Camp Street in New Orleans, between Julia and Girod Streets. It is within walking distance of the downtown hotels and French Quarter, less than half a mile from Canal Street.</p><br>
<p>It is in the middle of what has become an arts district, with a number of small galleries and the Ogden Museum of Southern Art in the surrounding blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Tradition</h2><br>
<p>The parish has made efforts to maintain a sense of traditional reverence amid New Orleans&#39; reputation for revelry. As part of this effort, the parish offers the Tridentine Mass in Ecclesiastical Latin every day, weekdays and Sundays, in accordance with the 1962 Roman Missal.</p><br>
<p>The Drakestone  is a 20-story high-rise in downtown Dallas. The building rises to a height of 323 feet .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1925 Republic National Bank was ready to open its doors. On February 15, 1926, Republic National Bank held its first open house. Charles D. Hill was never able to see his creation due to his death in early January 1926. Then in 1954 the bank had outgrown its space and was moved to the Republic National Bank Building at 300 North Ervay Street. Republic National Bank vacated its premises in December 1954. In June 1954, the 1309 Main St. Building was renamed after being purchased by longtime chairman Wirt Davis, Percy Davis, Charles Sammons, and H. Harrison.</p><br>
<p>In January 1967, plans for major renovation of The Davis Building announced to "modernization" of interiors and to convert the first four levels into and air-conditioned mall, and further expansion of the tunnel to connect with One Main Place and The Renaissance Tower.Plans never completely carried through to complete modernization.</p><br>
<p>In August 1986 lenders post The Davis Building in foreclosure for funds equaling $18.5 million.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 the building was used in part of the set for the movie Touch and Die featuring Martin Sheen.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Properties then purchased the building in 1997 with plans for renovation into apartment lofts. In March 2002, construction loans finalized and new construction commenced. The cupola was lit up for the first time in 2003 since 1954, and first occupancy was available. The newly designed 183 unit lofts in The Davis Building proved to be the only successful renovation for the building.</p><br>
<p>In May 2011, The Davis Building was purchased by The Bascom Group.</p><br>
<p>The Drakestone (previously Davis Building) is a Dallas Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Kirby Building, historically known as the Busch Building, is a 17-story skyscraper in the Main Street District of Downtown Dallas. The structure was completed in 1913 by beer magnate Adolphus Busch to accompany his nearby Hotel Adolphus. The building became vacant with many older buildings during the economic downturn of the 1980s. While the building was symbolic of downtown&#39;s crash in the 1980s, it also served as a symbol of the start of the resurrection as it became the first high-rise to be converted from office use to residential apartments. The structure is a Dallas Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Pittsburgh Athletic Association at the University of Pittsburgh is a historic, Benno Janssen designed building located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Opened as the home of a private social and athletic club of the same name, the building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1911, the building is an eight-story, steel frame structure clad in stone and terra cotta in the Venetian High Renaissance style. Architect Benno Janssen used a Venetian Renaissance palace as a prototype for his design, seemingly inspired by the Palazzo Corner della Ca&#39; Grande, Palazzo Grimani di San Luca, and Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, all works of the architect Jacopo Sansovino.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a lobby with 17-foot high coffered ceilings with medallians and rosettes, stone walls, and a marble fireplace. Other featured spaces include the Pennsylvania Room, originally a billiards room, the Schenley Lounge, which originally featured multiple works of art, the Oakland Room, originally a ladies&#39; reception room, a dining room with Palladian windows, and an oak-paneled grille room with a fireplace and barrel-vaulted ceilings.</p><br>
<p>Located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Bigelow Boulevard in the citys Oakland district, the building faces three other landmark buildings: the University of Pittsburghs Cathedral of Learning and William Pitt Union (formerly The Schenley Hotel) as well as the Soldiers and Sailors National Military Museum and Memorial. The latter, as well as the nearby Twentieth Century Club, were also designed by Benno Janssen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Club</h3><br>
<p>The Pittsburgh Athletic Association social club was organized in 1908 by real estate developer Franklin Nicola. Prior to opening of the Pittsburgh Athletic Association building, the club operated out of the Farmer&#39;s Bank Building (now razed), downtown at Forbes St (then Diamond) and Smithfield.</p><br>
<p>The Pittsburgh Athletic Association was a nonprofit membership club which operated until 2017.</p><br>
<p>It offered comprehensive athletic facilities, sports lessons, spa services, fine dining, and overnight accommodations. Some of the building&#39;s more interesting features include a pool on the third floor, full basketball and squash courts, a 16 lane bowling alley, and a room dedicated to former University of Pittsburgh football coach Johnny Majors. The club had several annual events, the most popular including an Easter brunch, a lobster dinner, and collegiate boxing events.</p><br>
<p>From 1916 to 1920, the PAA fielded an elite amateur ice hockey team featuring such Canadian stars as Herb Drury and brothers Joe and Larry McCormick. The team won the championship of the short-lived National Amateur Hockey League in 1918. When the Olympic Games first included ice hockey in 1920, four of the eleven players on the silver medal-winning USA team came from the PAA squad.</p><br>
<p>At its height, it posted 2,500 members, and was also notable as the place Fred Rogers conducted daily swims. However, in the 2010s the club was facing declining membership, which had dropped to and estimated 200 to 300 members, and faced financial difficulties resulting in a 2017 bankruptcy filing. The lot behind the building was leased and developed into a 10-story hotel.</p><br>
<h3>Sale</h3><br>
<p>In 2017, the building was purchased by the Walnut Capital group for $11.9 million. In 2021, Walnut Capital completed a $25 million in renovations including restoration of the exterior and interior spaces. Originally, the Pittsburgh Athletic Association club intended to rent approximately 20,000 square feet of space in the renovated building for its own use, but decided not to occupy any space and instead pursue possible mergers with other Pittsburgh-area social clubs, thus ending the club&#39;s affiliation with the building that bears its name. The University of Pittsburgh authorized the purchase the building for $34 million and the university acquired the building in June, 2024.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>In 2009, the film Love & Other Drugs, directed by Edward Zwick and starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Hank Azaria, filmed a scene in the Pittsburgh Athletic Associations Grill Room. The 2010 film, Shes Out of My League was partly filmed in the bowling alley.</p><br>
<p>Doe Run Inn is a restaurant/inn business two miles southeast of Brandenburg, Kentucky. It is within the Doe Run Creek Historic District, which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 19, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Squire Boone had discovered the creek, along with John McKinney, in 1778, and named it Doe Run Creek. It was so named due to the many deer in the vicinity. The creek had sulfur and salt licks, making it attractive for buffalo and elk.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built between 1788 and 1790 by Jonathan Essery, and was originally known as Stevenson&#39;s Mill. It was made of local limestone and timbers that were hand-hewn. The walls are two feet thick. Thomas Lincoln worked as a stonemason on the newer section of the mill, which was constructed in 1800.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history as a mill, it was seldom profitable, due to so many competing mills. By 1900 it was being used as a barn. It became the Sulfur Wells Hotel in 1901 when W.D. Coleman purchased it. It attracted several tourists who sought the purported health benefits of the sulfur water. In 1947 the Haycrafts leased the Inn. It was renamed the Doe Run Inn in 1958 when it was leased by Curtis and Lucille Brown.</p><br>
<p>The district includes an additional mill and three houses, one of which was a log cabin. Also within the district was Meade County&#39;s first hydro-electric plant.</p><br>
<p>Image:Doe_Run_M2.jpgEntrance to the property off the state highway</p><br>
<p>Image:Doe_Run_Bridge.jpgBridge near the inn along creek</p><br>
<p>Image:Doe_Run_Creek.jpgDoe Run Creek</p><br>
<p>Image:Doe_Run_Waterfall.jpgWaterfall along creek</p><br>
<p>Image:Doe_Run_Interior.jpgInterior of the inn</p><br>
<p>Republic Center is a mixed-use complex at 300 N. Ervay Street and 325 N. St. Paul Street in the City Center District of downtown Dallas, Texas , adjacent to Thanks-giving Square. The complex is located diagonally across the street from DART&#39;s St. Paul Station, which serves its,, and light rail lines. It also contains part of the Dallas Pedestrian Network, with shops and restaurants in the lower levels of the building and is connected to the Bullington Truck Terminal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Republic National Bank Building (later known as Republic Center Tower I and now Gables Republic Tower) was constructed as a 36-story skyscraper for the headquarters of Republic National Bank, which had previously been located at the Davis Building. Seeking to build higher than their rival&#39;s Mercantile National Bank Building, the 602 ft tall Republic National Bank Building became the tallest building in Dallas and west of the Mississippi River at its completion in 1954. The skyscraper included an elaborate banking pavilion that stretched to Pacific Avenue. It remained the tallest building on the Dallas skyline until it was surpassed by the First National Bank Tower in 1965.</p><br>
<p>As the bank expanded, in 1964 it sought to reclaim the tallest-in-Dallas title. The bank hired architects Harrell & Hamilton to achieve this by designing a taller companion to adjacent Republic Center I. However, height limit was restricted by the FAA. Upon completion in 1964, Republic Center Tower II was only tallest-in-Dallas on some lists. The 150 ft spire on the original 1954 Republic Center gave that structure a 4 ft edge in terms of spire height. Less than a year later, the building was surpassed by Elm Place as the tallest building in Dallas.</p><br>
<p>Republic Center Tower III, an 8-story building with a Dallas Pedestrian Network retail concourse below, was added in 1980. It replaced the historic 20-story Medical Arts Building which was razed in 1978. With the completion of the third phase, the Republic Center consisted of an entire city block bounded by Ervay, Bryan, St. Paul and Pacific Streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 RepublicBank Corp., now one of the largest banks in the Southwest, announced plans to construct a 60-story, 1,400,000 ft&sup2; building across the street on land now designated for Pacific Plaza Park. Plans were terminated in 1987 when rival InterFirst Corp. acquired the company, and Republic Center lost most of its tenants during the ensuing savings and loan crisis of the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The building complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1997 new owners acquired the block and the complex was renovated. Republic Center Tower I was renovated in 2005 to house 229 residential units. The first units opened in January 2007 and the building&#39;s name changed to Gables Republic Tower. Republic Center Towers II & III remain active office buildings, while the old banking lobbies and ground floors are leased as office and retail space.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and design</h2><br>
<p>The complex is a prime example of mid century modern skyscraper design. The buildings are clad in interlocking aluminum plates which incorporate Republic National Bank&#39;s four-pointed star symbol. The building was designed by architects Harrison & Abramovitz, who in 1953 had just completed the thirty story Alcoa Building in Pittsburgh. The design of Republic Center integrated the use of aluminum with a structural steel frame resulting in a lighter and energy efficient building.</p><br>
<p>The banking lobby featured new techniques in engineering to create a column-free lobby where upper floors had to be hung from above. The lobby was finished with exquisite marble, inlaid wood and 3,000 ft&sup2; of pure gold leaf. Also incorporated within the building were innovations such as underground drive-through banking and valet parking. The elevators inside the complex speed at a rate of 1,400 ft a minute, making them among the fastest in the nation.</p><br>
<p>At the time of completion, the spire atop Gables Republic Tower (an abstraction of the four-pointed star and referred to as the "rocket") contained a rotating beacon of light. This was later turned off due to taller surrounding buildings, but today the spire is floodlit from below.</p><br>
<p>The following words by Karl Hoblitzelle, chairman of the board for Republic National Bank from 1945 to 1965, are set in bronze at the Ervay Street entrance:</p><br>
<p>"This building is dedicated to the principle that no institution can long endure unless it serves faithfully and unselfishly its country, its state and community."</p><br>
<h3>Rank in the Dallas skyline</h3><br>
<p>Gables Republic Tower is 36-stories and has a roof height of 452 ft, but when its 150 ft spire is included, the building reaches a height of 602 ft. Currently, it is the 11th-tallest building in the city when the spire is included. Without the spire, it is the 21st-tallest.</p><br>
<p>Republic Center Tower II is 50-stories and has a roof height of 598 ft, making it the 11th-tallest building in Dallas by roof-height (the building is 12th-tallest with regards to adjacent Gables Republic Tower&#39;s spire).</p><br>
<p>Dallas Republic Center Tower II 2.jpgSouth view on St. Paul Street</p><br>
<p>Republic II.jpgSoutheast View</p><br>
<p>ElmPlaceConstruction01.jpgRepublic Center II and Elm Place both under construction</p><br>
<p>The John Blake House is located on Homestead Avenue  in Maybrook, New York, United States. It is a brick building from the late 18th century, one of the oldest houses in the village</p><br>
<p>John Blake, a prominent local politician, built the house around an earlier log cabin. A wing was added in the mid-19th century, but it has not otherwise been altered. In 1984 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a well-preserved example of the kind of home built by settlers of English descent in the early years of the Federal style of American architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The one-and-a-half-story house sits on a 2.4 acre lot with many trees shielding it from view. It is made of brick with a stone basement and topped with a gabled roof shingled in asphalt and pierced by two brick chimneys near the end walls. The brick is laid in Flemish bond on the south and west with common bond in alternating rows of stretchers and headers on the other sides. The windows are trimmed in flat-arched molded brick.</p><br>
<p>A small wooden porch frames the entrance, a wooden paneled door with transom and sidelights. It opens into a large central hall leading to equally sized rooms on either side. Most of the mantelpieces are in the Federal style but one, in the northwest parlor, is Greek Revival in style.</p><br>
<p>The double Dutch door, once the original rear entrance, now connects the house and the kitchen wing added later. Upstairs are bedrooms, and a third level has been carved out of unused attic space. The basement, supposedly built for the earlier house, takes up the eastern half and includes a large arched chimney base.</p><br>
<p>Two of the original outbuildings remain, a shed and a privy. The foundations of three others can still be seen: a barn to the south of the house, a smokehouse to the northeast and the buttery once attached to the east of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The house is conservative in form, hewing more closely to English vernacular traditions seen elsewhere in the Hudson Valley. Its low, square base is at odds with the generally more vertical buildings that typify the Federal style, manifested more in the interior floor plan and decor. The different bonds used in the brick suggest a bricklayer capable of a high degree of craftsmanship, but used on this form it does not appear that the builder was trying to apply any particular style or design trend.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Blake, an early settler of the area, built the home around 1794 as the centerpiece of his father&#39;s 200-acre (50 ha) farm, "The Blake". At the time he was serving as deputy sheriff of Ulster County, which then included the northern towns of present-day Orange County. He would later serve as Orange County sheriff after the county line was relocated northward when Rockland County was created in the early 19th century. In the interim he served in the state assembly, and would later serve two terms in the USA House, as well as sitting as a judge. He concluded his political career with fifteen terms as Montgomery town supervisor. No other individual in the history of Orange County held so many positions at so many different levels.</p><br>
<p>As Maybrook grew, the Blake farm was broken up into smaller and smaller parcels, owned by others. The house would undergo renovations in the 1820s and 1840s, the latter adding a kitchen wing to the rear. The front porch was added sometime in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Lowry Pueblo is an Ancestral Puebloan archaeological site located in Canyons of the Ancients National Monument near Pleasant View, Colorado, United States. The pueblo was constructed around 1060 AD atop abandoned pithouses from an earlier period of occupation. It was occupied by 40 to 100 people at a time for 165 years. The site is one of the northernmost to be associated with the Puebloan cultures.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lowry Pueblo is located about 45 mi northwest of Cortez, Colorado, and about 100 mi north of Chaco Canyon, one of the major centers of Ancestral Puebloan culture. The pueblo was named for the early area homesteader George Lowry. It is believed to have begun as a relative small community with just a few rooms, but is unusual for the presence of a great kiva, suggesting it served as a communal center for a scattered population before the settlement around it got larger. The inhabitants were farmers who also hunted small game, made elaborately decorated pottery, and wove cotton obtained by trade. Its last occupation occurred in the early 13th century.</p><br>
<p>Lowry Pueblo was first excavated during summer field seasons from 1930 to 1934 by Paul Sidney Martin of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. In 1965, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), which owned the property, undertook a two-year project with the University of Colorado to stabilize the ruins, which had become partially buried. It was incorporated as part of the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The A. J. Jernigan House, known as Las Ventanas, is a historic home in west-central Austin, Texas, United States. The home was designed and built in 1875 for Mr. Jernigan, then the Travis County treasurer, by noted master builder Abner Cook.</p><br>
<p>The home was expanded in the late 1880s and 1912. In the late 20th century it served as commercial office space, before being renovated near the start of the 21st century for use as a single-family home again.</p><br>
<p>The home is located at 602 Harthan Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Allan Miller House is a prairie style house in the South Shore neighborhood of Chicago, United States. Located along Paxton Avenue, the home is the only surviving example of Frank Lloyd Wright colleague John S. Van Bergen&#39;s work found in Chicago. The house is cast in prairie style and was constructed in 1913. The building has been declared a Chicago Landmark and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Allan Miller House, on Paxton Avenue was designed by John S. Van Bergen in 1913 for advertising executive Allan Miller.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Miller House is considered an "excellent" example of prairie style architecture and it is Chicago&#39;s only surviving example of architect John S. Van Bergen. The home, like all prairie style homes, is meant to evoke the Midwestern prairie through its horizontal form and integration with the surrounding natural landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Miller House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 23, 1991. The city of Chicago declared the building a Chicago Landmark on December 1, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Lindenmeier site is a stratified multi-component archaeological site most famous for its Folsom component. The former Lindenmeier Ranch is in the Soapstone Prairie Natural Area, in northeastern Larimer County, Colorado, United States. The site contains the most extensive Folsom culture campsite yet found with calibrated radiocarbon dates of c. 12,300 B.P. . Artifacts were also found from subsequent Archaic and Late pre-historic periods.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 20, 1961. The United States National Park Service has studied the possibility of making the Lindenmeier site a United States National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Paleo-Indian period</h3><br>
<p>The period immediately preceding the first humans coming into Colorado was the Ice Age Summer starting about 16,000 years ago. For the next five thousand years the landscape would change dramatically and most of the large animals would become extinct. Receding and melting glaciers created the Plum and Monument Creeks, the Castle Rock mesas and unburied the Rocky Mountains. Large mammals, such as the mastodon, mammoth, camels, giant sloths, cheetah, bison antiquus, and horses roamed the land.</p><br>
<p>There were a few Paleo-Indian cultures, distinctive by the size of the tools they used and the animals they hunted. People in the first, Clovis complex period, had large tools to hunt the megafauna animals of the early Paleo-Indian period.</p><br>
<p>With time, the climate warmed again and lakes and savannas receded. The land became drier, food became less abundant, and as a result the giant mammals became extinct. People adapted by hunting smaller mammals and gathering wild plants to supplement their diet. A new cultural complex was born, the Folsom tradition, with smaller projectile points to hunt smaller animals. Aside from hunting smaller mammals, people adapted by gathering wild plants to supplement their diet.</p><br>
<p>The Lindenmeier site, the largest known Paleo-Indian Folsom site, contained artifacts of the Paleo-Indians who lived and hunted in the present Fort Collins area approximately 11,000 years ago. Some of the artifacts are identified from people of the Folsom tradition, named for the Folsom site in New Mexico, and identified as such by the Folsom points used for hunting the large, now extinct Bison antiquus. They likely also gathered food in the area, such as seeds, nuts and seasonal fruits. They were nomadic people, following the bison herds, and camping many places each year.</p><br>
<p>The tools and artifacts at the Lindenmeier site shed insight into the life of these Paleo-indians:</p><br>
<p>They created many types and shapes of tools, including spearheads and wedge shaped scrapers, which were essentially identical to the tools of the north Paleo-Indians of central Alaska. The tools were used for chopping, slicing and skinning the hides of the bison. Broken pieces of completed tools indicate that they had been used with great pressure.</p><br>
<p>Scored pieces of hematite were used to extract red ochre for rouge or red paint for their faces.</p><br>
<p>Round discs of 1–2 inches in diameter were found with indented rims, designs and highly polished – the oldest form of Paleo-Indian artwork found in Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The volume and variety of artifacts indicate that the site was a residential campsite, the oldest site of its kind found of the people of the Folsom tradition.</p><br>
<p>While bison were the mainstay of the hunter&#39;s diet, an ancient camel bone was found near a bison kill site. Being limited to one bone, it was likely carried from another area and did not necessarily indicate that the Folsom people hunted camel at Lindenmeier or at other sites.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Folsom periods</h3><br>
<p>The site has yielded evidence of occupation of the Lindenmeier site area over 13,000 years. While most of the artifacts were from the Folsom tradition, there are also artifacts gathered from post Folsom periods. Yuma points were also found on the site, were likely from a period a little later than the Folsom artifacts. Unfluted points were found on the Lindenmeier site from the Archaic and Late pre-historic periods and evidence of a late prehistoric kill site. The limited number of artifacts from this and other post-Folsom periods seem to indicate that the later people were more transitory than the people of the Folsom tradition or that there were limited resources in later years.</p><br>
<h3>Artifacts by cultural period</h3><br>
<p>Excavations resulted in the collection of tens of thousands of stone and bone artifacts. Artifacts were found from the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and late Prehistoric periods.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological research</h3><br>
<h4>Coffin family</h4><br>
<p>Investigations of the Lindenmeier site and stone tools recovered from its location began in 1924 by the Coffin family.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered in the summer of 1924 by A. Lynn Coffin, his father Judge Claude C. Coffin, and possibly Forest Service Ranger C. K. Collins. After the initial discovery, Major Roy G. Coffin also visited the site repeatedly with his brother the Judge and A. Lynn. They could not correlate the spear points that they found until Dr. E. B. Renaud from the Anthropology department at University of Denver identified them as Folsom points found in 1926 at the Folsom site in New Mexico. Excavation over 10 years generated an unprecedented collection of Folsom point artifacts and bison bones and stimulated interest at the United States Geological Society, Bureau of American Ethnology and many in the American Anthropology field. In 1937 Roy Coffin publishes Northern Colorados First Settlers about the Coffins work from 1924 to 1934. The site is named after William Lindenmeier, Jr., who was the landowner at the time of discovery and intensive investigations.</p><br>
<h4>Professional study</h4><br>
<p>The bulk of professional work conducted at the site was completed between 1934 and 1940, headed by Frank H. H. Roberts of the Smithsonian Institution, with annual reports made from 1935 to 1951. Large bison bones were found that indicated that the ancient bison was approximately 7 feet tall.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 Dr. Kirk Bryan and Louis L. Ray dated the site of the artifacts from the Late Glacial period.</p><br>
<p>John L. Cotter directed work for a team from the Colorado Museum of Natural History, presently named Denver Museum of Nature and Science, from 1935 to 1938, when all major excavation work on the site was completed.</p><br>
<p>C. Vance Haynes, Jr. and George Agogino in 1960 obtained the first radiocarbon date for the occupation of Lindenmeier Valley. In 1992 C. Vance Haynes, Jr. and other published the radiocarbon date of 10,600 to 10,720 B.P.</p><br>
<h3>Artifact collections</h3><br>
<p>As of 2002, artifacts from the Lindenmeier site were held by:</p><br>
<p>Claude C. and A. Lynn Coffin Lindenmeier collection with 1,125 artifacts, many of which are held at the Smithsonian Institution</p><br>
<p>Major Roy G. Coffin collection at the Fort Collins Museum & Discovery Science Center</p><br>
<p>Denver Museum of Nature and Science</p><br>
<h2>Eiseley&#39;s Flight 857</h2><br>
<p>As a young man, the writer Loren Eiseley participated in the early excavations at Lindenmeier. In his poem "Flight 857" from his book Notes of an Alchemist, he recorded his reflections on the significance of the Lindenmeier site finds:</p><br>
<h2>Soapstone Prairie Natural Area</h2><br>
<p>The City of Fort Collins purchased the site in 2004 as part of Soapstone Prairie Natural Area, which was opened to the public in 2009. The site is viewable from an overlook with interpretive signage.</p><br>
<p>The Keith House in Austin, Texas is a historic home in the Pemberton Heights neighborhood in central Austin.</p><br>
<p>The home was built in 1933 by local builder William Dixon Anderson for his sister, Maggie Mae Keith, and her husband, Jacque Nicholas Keith. It features elements of the Monterey Revival and Colonial Revival styles, popular at the time.</p><br>
<p>The home is located at 2400 Harris Blvd. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Littlefield House is a historic home in Austin, Texas, on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. The home was built in 1893 for Civil War veteran George Littlefield, who was a successful businessman in the bank and cattle trades and a major benefactor to UT. It was designed using the popular Victorian style at a cost of $50,000.</p><br>
<p>While living in the house, Major Littlefield and his wife Alice made a tremendous number of contributions to the university, including funds for the Littlefield Fountain, the Main Building, and the Littlefield Dormitory. They also developed the Littlefield Building downtown, finished in 1912.</p><br>
<p>When Alice Littlefield died in 1935, she left the home to the university. Today the ground floor has been refurbished and is used for University functions. The upstairs is used for office space by the Office of University Events.</p><br>
<p>The home is located at 24th and Whitis streets. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>George Littlefield had a "Deodar Cedar" (Cedrus deodara), or "Himalayan Cedar" imported from the Himalayas and planted on the property. Littlefield even had the soil where the tree was to be placed dug up and replaced with Himalayan soil. Arguably one of the most interesting trees on campus, the 57-foot tree is located on the southwest side of the house, and is readily discernible by its distinctive horizontal layers. It is ranked as the #2 State Champion deodar cedar by Texas A&M Forest Service&#39;s Lists Big Tree Registry</p><br>
<p>The George and Sarah Joslyn Home , is a mansion located at 3902 Davenport Street in the Gold Coast Historic District of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Built in the Scottish Baronial style in 1903, the Castle was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It was designated as an Omaha landmark in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Joslyn made his fortune in the ready-print news business and owned the Western Newspaper Union. The Joslyns contributed to many Omaha-area organizations, including Sarah Joslyns donation which made Omahas Joslyn Art Museum possible.</p><br>
<p>Joslyn Castle was designed by John McDonald, a local architect. Shortly after George Joslyn bought a farm outside of Omaha in 1893, he began landscaping it. Landscape architect Jens Jensen designed the grounds, as well as the rock work and pools for the conservatory inside the house.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The 35-room mansion has four stories, as well as a carriage house tower, built before the Castle in 1901, and 5 acre of formal gardens and landscaping, including greenhouses, which were completed in 1899. Mature trees were planted on the 5.5 acre grounds, and Sarah collected rare botanicals from around the world, including orchids. According to The Friends of Joslyn Castle, the home was built in eleven months at a cost of $250,000.</p><br>
<p>The Castle includes a reception hall, music room, ballroom, a library and gold drawing room. The basement at one time had a bowling alley. With the addition of a music room in 1906, the house totaled 19,360 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Castle and the carriage house were built of Kansas silverdale limestone. There is a wrought iron door on the Castle that weighs over a ton.</p><br>
<h2>1913 tornado</h2><br>
<p>On March 23, 1913, a tornado demolished much of the central and north parts of Omaha. The home was slightly damaged. Inside, some furniture, artwork, etchings, and statuary were ruined. George stated that it would take fifteen years to restore the estate grounds to their previous state. The greenhouses were partially destroyed. The Joslyns decided not to rebuild the greenhouse, so they donated the frame to Hanscom Park, where it was used as a greenhouse for fifty years. In the conservatory, many of Sarah Joslyn&#39;s orchids and other tropical plants were killed by the cold and snow which followed the tornado. The storm also destroyed a small lake and bridge to the west of the Castle. Today the bridge remains, and an outline of the small lake is visible. The home was repaired and that fall, the Castle hosted a gala event for the wedding of their daughter, Violet.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1944, the Castle became the headquarters of the Omaha Public Schools district. In 1958, the district incorporated some of the walls of the original greenhouses into an office annex.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the school system moved to a larger facility in the former Tech High School building. The Castle then became the property of the State of Nebraska. In 1996, the Joslyn Castle became home of the Joslyn Castle Institute for Sustainable Communities. The Institute was charged by the State of Nebraska with managing and preserving the estate. In December 2010, Joslyn Castle was sold by the State of Nebraska to the Joslyn Castle Trust, a private concern created for the purpose of maintaining the historic property.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Castle is the namesake of the surrounding Joslyn Castle neighborhood, and is a site in the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>The Castle and its grounds are open to the public for tours, events, and private rental.</p><br>
<p>Mile Canyon or more recently known as Eagle Nest Canyon is a tributary canyon of the Rio Grande entering on the north side of the river just downstream from Langtry, Texas. Mile Canyon received its name due to its length being approximately one mile long. In more recent years, this canyon is more commonly referred to as Eagle Nest Canyon, named after a nesting pair of golden eagles observed nearby. It has been an important area of many archaeological and geological expeditions over the past century.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental setting</h2><br>
<p>Mile Canyon is found on the northern boundary of the Chihuahuan Desert.</p><br>
<h2>Geomorphology</h2><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>This canyon and its surrounding upland edge contains numerous sites ranging from dry rockshelters to burned rock middens to upland “hearth” fields.</p><br>
<p>The canyon is primarily recognized for Bonfire Shelter,, and other natural shelters that were used by Native Americans up to 13,500 years ago. Bonfire Shelter features a prehistoric bison jump, where wild herds of bison were driven off the cliff edge by Native American hunters and died below. The bison were then harvested for clothing, food and tools. The jumps occurred as early as 9700 BC and as recently as 800 BC.</p><br>
<p>The canyon was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 AD. The historic district comprises a 1,500 acre (6 km) area entirely on private land.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, archaeological research was conducted on the many sites found within and around the canyon by a crew from Texas State University. This research was part of a multiyear research design focused on the Lower Pecos Canyonlands called the</p><br>
<p>Kingston Pike is a highway in Knox County, Tennessee, United States, that connects Downtown Knoxville with West Knoxville, Farragut, and other communities in the western part of the county. The road follows a merged stretch of USA Route 11  and US 70. From its initial construction in the 1790s until the development of the Interstate Highway System in the 1960s, Kingston Pike was the main traffic artery in western Knox County, and an important section of several cross-country highways. The road is now a major commercial corridor, containing hundreds of stores, restaurants, and other retail establishments.</p><br>
<p>The old Kingston road was originally surveyed and laid out in 1792 by Charles McClung which connected Knoxville to Campbell&#39;s Station, now Farragut. About 1795, the road was extended to Fort Southwest Point at what is now Kingston. During the Civil War, Confederate and Union forces fought several skirmishes along the Kingston road as they struggled for control of Knoxville. The Kingston Turnpike Company was chartered in 1866 to improve the Kingston road and by 1893 had extended the improved road to the county line. From the 1920s into the 1950s, Kingston Pike was a major stopover for tourists traveling along the Dixie and Lee highways, which intersected at Kingston Pike.</p><br>
<p>Starting with the completion of West Town Mall in 1970, Kingston Pike developed into Knoxville&#39;s largest retail corridor. Historian Jack Neely wrote, "If suburban sprawl had a local name, it would be Kingston Pike." The road is now home to "an enclosed shopping mall, a big-box mall, over 100 strip malls, 100 chain restaurants," and "more acreage of asphalt surface parking than any other street in the Knoxville MSA."</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>Kingston Pike is a five-lane road that runs westward for approximately 20 mi from the L&N tracks just east of Alcoa Highway to the divergence of US 70 and US 11 in the Dixie Lee Junction community just across the Knox-Loudon county line. East of the L&N tracks, Kingston Pike continues into the Fort Sanders and downtown areas as Cumberland Avenue. This road continues to just west of its intersection with USA Route 441 (US 441, locally known as Henley Street). There, the street splits into eastbound Main Street and westbound Cumberland Avenue. US 11 and US 70 follow US 441 for several blocks before veering eastward into East Knoxville. West of Dixie Lee Junction, US 70 continues westward to Kingston, while US 11 veers southwestward to Lenoir City.</p><br>
<p>The westernmost Kingston Pike street address is the now-demolished Court Cafe building (13110) at the county line, and the easternmost is the Metron Corporation (2309). The two-block section of road between the county line and the US 70/US 11 split is typically considered Kingston Pike, although its businesses (e.g., Dixie Lee Nursery and Dixie Lee Fireworks) have "Highway 11 East" street addresses. US 70 west of Dixie Lee Junction is sometimes casually referred to as Kingston Pike or Kingston Highway, although its street addresses simply use "Highway 70 East." Before major highway construction in the 1960s, Kingston Pike followed a more winding route beyond Bearden, as evidenced by the numerous sideroads named "Old Kingston Pike." On some maps, Hines Valley Road, which intersects US 70 at Eaton Crossroads (just north of Lenoir City), is referred to as "Old Kingston Pike."</p><br>
<p>Along with US 70 and US 11, Kingston Pike is part of State Route 1 (SR 1). Kingston Pike runs roughly parallel with a merged stretch of Interstate 40 and Interstate 75, which passes just to the north. Along with Knoxville and Farragut, communities linked by Kingston Pike include Sequoyah Hills, West Hills, Bearden, Ebenezer Mill, and Concord.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>What is now Kingston Pike was originally part of a Native American trail. This trail ran westward to Sinking Creek (about 10 miles west of Knoxville), where it turned abruptly southward and passed through the modern Concord area. The trail then crossed the Tennessee River and continued southward to the Overhill Cherokee towns in the Little Tennessee River valley.</p><br>
<p>By 1788, this trail had been incorporated into the North Carolina Road, the main route connecting settlements in East Tennessee with settlements in the Nashville area. In 1792, the newly created Knox County commissioned Charles McClung, a surveyor who had drawn up the original plat of Knoxville the previous year, to build a public road from Knoxville to Campbell&#39;s Station (modern Farragut). This road, originally about 30 ft wide, was extended to Kingston by 1800. Several decades later, the road was widened to 50 feet (15.24 m) wide.</p><br>
<p>For much of its early history, the Kingston road remained a dangerous route. In 1792, the home of Ebenezer Byram (for whom the Ebenezer community is named) was attacked by a band of Creeks. The following year, a small Cherokee force attacked Cavets Station, which stood about three miles east of the Ebenezer home, killing 12 of the stations 13 inhabitants. During the early 19th century, highwaymen stalked the more isolated stretches of the Kingston road, and by 1820 the section of the road just west of Bearden had been nicknamed "Murderers&#39; Hollow." Starting around 1810, a stagecoach line was operated on the Kingston road until 1850, which was called the "Great Western Line" that ran between Knoxville and Nashville.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>In November 1863, Confederate forces under General James Longstreet marched north from Chattanooga in hopes of taking Knoxville from Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside, who had occupied the city in September 1863. Longstreet wanted to attack the city from the south, but because of fortifications in South Knoxville, he was forced to cross the Tennessee River at Huffs Ferry in Loudon and march on Knoxville from the west. To give his troops time to strengthen Knoxvilles fortifications, Burnside executed a series of maneuvers to delay Longstreet&#39;s advance down the Kingston road.</p><br>
<p>On November 16, a portion of Burnsides troops engaged Longstreets vanguard, led by General Lafayette McLaws, at the Battle of Campbells Station. This engagement, which lasted about six hours, allowed the greater part of Burnsides forces to make their way back down the Kingston road to Knoxville. As Burnside&#39;s chief engineer Orlando Poe worked feverishly to fortify the city, Union cavalry commander William P. Sanders executed a delaying action just west of town near the Bleak House, buying Poe another 36 hours of fortification. With Knoxville fortified, Longstreet surrounded the city and settled in for a siege. He set up his headquarters at the Bleak House, and his staff set up offices at Knollwood and Crescent Bend. On November 29, after a two-week siege, Longstreet ordered McLaws to march against Fort Sanders, an earthen bastion overlooking the Kingston road from the north. The assault was beaten back, however, and Longstreet withdrew a few days later.</p><br>
<h3>Kingston Turnpike</h3><br>
<p>In May 1866, the Kingston Turnpike Company was chartered with the intention of improving the Kingston road to the Knox County line. The following year, Professor R. L. Kirkpatrick resurveyed the first five miles of the road, which were then macadamized by a crew led by Colonel R. F. Bibb. The road was also raised, and ditches were added to facilitate drainage. Knox County purchased the Kingston Turnpike Company in 1892 and completed the improved turnpike to the county line in late 1893.</p><br>
<p>By 1913, trolley tracks had been constructed along Kingston Pike as far west as Lyons View Pike, leading to residential development and the construction of apartment buildings along the 2000 and 3000 blocks.</p><br>
<h3>Dixie Lee Highway</h3><br>
<p>From the 1920s until the late 1950s, Kingston Pike was known as the "Dixie Lee Highway," as it lay along a merged stretch of two cross-country auto-tourism routes&mdash;Dixie Highway (which followed US 70 through the area) and Lee Highway (which followed US 11). Dixie Highway, conceived in 1915, was a north-south route that connected cities in the Midwestern United States with beaches in the South. Lee Highway was primarily an east-west route that connected Arlington, Virginia, with California. The two routes joined in downtown Knoxville and diverged at the US 70/US 11 split at the Knox-Loudon line, which thus became known as the Dixie-Lee Junction.</p><br>
<p>The automobile traffic along the Dixie and Lee highways brought a tourism boom to Kingston Pike. Beginning in the 1920s, businesses catering to this thru-traffic sprang up along the length of the road from Bearden to Dixie Lee Junction. Tourist camps, predecessors to the modern motel, were among the earliest of these businesses and included Knoxvilles first motel, Edds Tourist Camp, which was established in Bearden in the late 1920s. Restaurants also began to appear, many of which used flashy signs, unusual Streamline Moderne architecture, and names such as the "White Dot Barbecue Stand," the "Oki-Doke Cafe," and the "Wonder Lunch Room" to attract passing tourists. Drive-in theaters and skating rinks began to appear along Kingston Pike during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The development of the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s and 1960s brought an end to the Dixie Lee Highway period. Interstate 40 (I-40) and I-75, which run roughly parallel to Kingston Pike, siphoned off most of the areas interstate traffic, and most of Kingston Pikes tourism-related businesses closed. Only a few buildings from Kingston Pike&#39;s Dixie Lee Highway period have survived to the present day, most notably the 11-70 Motor Court near Farragut, the Naples Restaurant in Bearden, and Dixie Lee Fireworks at Dixie Lee Junction.</p><br>
<h3>Later development</h3><br>
<p>With the advent of the automobile in the 1920s, Knoxvilles more affluent residents began fleeing urban neighborhoods for suburbs on the citys periphery. One of the earliest such suburbs was Sequoyah Hills, which was established just off Kingston Pike in the 1920s. After World War II, Kingston Pike experienced an explosion in suburban development. The establishment of suburbs such as West Hills led to a 38% population increase in the Kingston Pike area during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, Knoxville annexed a large stretch of land along Kingston Pike west of Sequoyah Hills, bringing several unincorporated communities into the city. The opening of West Town Mall in the 1970s resulted in the collapse of retail shopping in downtown Knoxville, and Kingston Pike became Knoxville&#39;s primary commercial corridor.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Kingston Pike Historic District consists of two dozen houses and apartment buildings added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The houses, concentrated primarily on the road&#39;s 2000 and 3000 blocks, were constructed circa 1834&ndash;1930, and are thus representative of the period before strip malls and other retail outlets came to dominate the road. Architectural styles in the district include Federal, Georgian Revival, Bungalow, Tudor Revival, Queen Anne, Neoclassical Revival, and Spanish Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>Several buildings located along Kingston Pike are listed individually on the National Register but are not part of the historic district. These include the Ossoli Circle Clubhouse (2511), the Tyson Junior High building (2607), the Benjamin Morton House (4084), Knollwood (6411), and the Avery Russell House (11409). The Baker Peters House (9000) was built before the Civil War but is ineligible for listing due to numerous modifications. Several other listings are located just off Kingston Pike, ranging from the 1806-era Statesview in Ebenezer to the 1954 Hotpoint Living-Conditioned Home in West Hills.</p><br>
<h3>Notable houses</h3><br>
<p>Crescent Bend (2728), also called the Armstrong-Lockett House, a Federal-style brick house built by Drury Paine Armstrong in 1834.</p><br>
<p>Van Dyke Apartments (2742), a two-story Spanish Colonial Revival-style brick apartment building constructed in 1927.</p><br>
<p>3024 Kingston Pike, a two-story brick Georgian Revival-style house built in 1930.</p><br>
<p>Monday Apartments (3039), a two-story Spanish Colonial Revival-style brick apartment building constructed c.1928.</p><br>
<p>The Nicholas (3051&ndash;3065), a three-story Spanish Colonial Revival-style apartment building constructed c.1930.</p><br>
<p>H. L. Dulin House (3100), also called Crescent Bluff, a two-story Neoclassical-style house constructed in 1915 and designed by architect John Russell Pope. From 1961 until 1987, this house was home to the Dulin Art Gallery, which eventually evolved into the Knoxville Museum of Art. The Dulin House was listed individually on the register in 1974.</p><br>
<p>George Taylor House (3128), a two-story Queen Anne/Neoclassical house originally constructed in 1900, and remodeled in 1929 by Charles I. Barber of the firm Barber & McMurry.</p><br>
<p>Bleak House (3148), also called Confederate Memorial Hall, a two-story Italianate-style house originally constructed in 1856 by Robert H. Armstrong and remodeled in 1930. This house was listed individually on the register in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Westwood (3425), a two-story Queen Anne/Richardsonian Romanesque house built in 1890 by John E. Lutz and Adelia Armstrong Lutz and designed by the architectural firm Baumann Brothers. This house was listed individually on the register in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Salem Pioneer Cemetery  is a cemetery in Salem, Oregon, United States. It has been listed as a National Register of Historic Places since 2013, under the name Odd Fellows Rural Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Salem Pioneer Cemetery is one of two historic cemeteries located next to each other at the intersection of South Commercial and Hoyt streets. It is just east of City View Cemetery. The earliest burials center around the Methodist missionary pioneer David Leslie. The Methodist Mission was founded by the Reverend Jason Lee in 1834. This was the first mission to the Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest. After the end of the mission period, settlers poured into the Willamette Valley to take advantage of the land that was being granted due to the passage of the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, brought to Congress by early pioneer Samuel R. Thurston, Oregon&#39;s first delegate.</p><br>
<p>David Leslie became Jason Lees principal assistant. He was a leader in the movement to organize the provisional government of Oregon, and a lifelong trustee of the Methodists Oregon Institute, which was charted as Willamette University by the Territorial legislature in 1854.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the City of Salem&#39;s Parks Division agreed to be titleholder and steward of the cemetery, mainly due to work done by the Friends of the Pioneer Cemetery. The Friends of the Pioneer Cemetery consists of a group of concerned citizens working together to raise awareness of the rich local history and to raise funds to supplement the limited public monies available to maintain this historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Captain Charles H. Bennett (1811–1855) plot #106</p><br>
<p>Tabitha Moffatt Brown (1780–1858) plot #44</p><br>
<p>Asahel Bush (1824–1913) plot #66</p><br>
<p>Stephen Fowler Chadwick (1825–1895) 5th Governor of Oregon</p><br>
<p>Governor John Pollard Gaines (1795–1857) plot #56</p><br>
<p>Alonzo Gesner (1842–1912) plot #549</p><br>
<p>Hancock Lee Jackson (1796–1876), 13th Governor of the State of Missouri</p><br>
<p>Augustus C. Kinney (1845–1908) plot #603</p><br>
<p>Robert Crouch Kinney (1813–1875) plot #588</p><br>
<p>David Leslie (1797–1869) plot #135</p><br>
<p>John McCourt (1874–1924) plot #200</p><br>
<p>Isaac R. Moores (1796–1861) plot #9</p><br>
<p>Isaac R. Moores, Jr. (1831–1884) plot #18</p><br>
<p>John H. Moores (1821–1880) plot #19</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka (1849–1892), plot #113</p><br>
<p>George K. Shiel (1825–1893) plot #136</p><br>
<p>Samuel R. Thurston (1815–1851) plot #076</p><br>
<p>Dr. William Holden Willson (1805–1856)</p><br>
<p>The East Second Street Commercial Historic District in Hastings, Minnesota, United States, is a downtown district consisting of thirty-five commercial buildings built between 1860 and 1900. The downtown area has retained its historic integrity even as other communities modernized their downtowns as a result of post-World War II urban renewal efforts.</p><br>
<p>The historic integrity of the district is maintained through a number of guidelines that encourage the restoration of buildings to their original appearance, the replacement of any historic features that were altered, and avoidance of alterations that are not in keeping with the buildings&#39; original historic context.</p><br>
<p>The George H. Kelly House is located at 1924 Binney Street in the Near North Side neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Built in 1904 in the Neo-Classical Revival style, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and designated a City of Omaha architectural landmark that same year.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1904, the Kelly House was designed by and built for George H. Kelly, the president of a manufacturing and distribution company for architectural millwork. The house features classically detailed structure directly influenced by the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, held nearby in Kountze Park in 1898, just six years before the house was constructed. The Kelly house is located in Kountze Place, a late nineteenth century neighborhood that was home to many of the city&#39;s most successful business people.</p><br>
<p>Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church, located at 3105 North 24th Street, was formed in 1954 as an integrated congregation in North Omaha, Nebraska. Originally called the North Presbyterian Church, the City of Omaha has reported, "Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church is architecturally significant to Omaha as a fine example of the Neo-Classical Revival Style of architecture." It was designated a City of Omaha landmark in 1985; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as North Presbyterian Church in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Inspired by several buildings of the 1898 Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition held nearby in Kountze Place, the North Presbyterian Church was built in 1910. F. A. Henninger, an influential Omaha architect, designed the building to serve what was then an affluent suburb of Omaha.</p><br>
<p>Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church was founded by Rev. Charles E. Tyler, also responsible for founding Hillside Presbyterian church in Omaha.</p><br>
<p>McRaven was built c. 1797 by Andrew Glass in a town called Walnut Hills, which is now Vicksburg, Mississippi. In the Civil War era, it was known as the Bobb House, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as such. McRaven got its current name from the street it is located on, which was formerly called McRaven Street, but is now Harrison Street. McRaven has been on the Mississippi Department of Archives and History&#39;s Historic Preservation list since January 8, 1978. It is also believed by many to be haunted and has been called "the most haunted house in Mississippi."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first part of what is now McRaven was built by Andrew Glass ca. 1797 and originally serving as a way station for pioneers en route to Nashville, Tennessee along the Natchez Trace to the Mississippi River. As first built, McRaven consisted of only a kitchen with one room above it, this part of the house is now known as the "Pioneer Section".</p><br>
<p>In 1836, Sheriff Stephen Howard bought the house and added the middle dining room and the bedroom above it, built in Empire architectural style. Sheriff Howard&#39;s wife Mary Elizabeth Howard died during childbirth in late August 1836 in the middle bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by John H. Bobb in 1849, Bobb built the rest of the house in Greek Revival style. During the Civil War&#39;s 1863 Siege of Vicksburg, McRaven was used as a Confederate field hospital and camp site. Since it was located so close to the railroad, a major point of battle, the house was battered by cannon blasts from both the Union and Confederate forces. However, it still stands.</p><br>
<p>On May 18, 1864, the wealthy John Bobb, picked up a brick and threw it at a group of the 46th USCI marching back to their regiment from picket duty. Bobbs Harrison St. home laid adjacent to the RR tracks where nearby soldiers bivouacked, and he was offended the "Freedom" fighters were crossing on his property. In 1860, census records show Bobb was a "farmer" who enslaved 22 African Americans on this parcel of property. The brick hit USA Sgt. William Anderson in the head, fracturing his skull. Sgt. Anderson, in defense to the attack, shot Bobb in the head and the bowels, resulting in Bobbs death. Sgt. Anderson was subject of a Court Martial investigation which found him "Not Guilty" of malice for shooting a "citizen." Sgt. Anderson died in August, while stationed at Millikens Bend, leaving a widow and a small child behind. USA Sgt. Anderson is one of the "Unknowns" buried in Vicksburg National Cemetery. Johns widow Selina Bobb sold the house to a realtor in 1869 and moved to a family plantation outside of New Orleans, Louisiana called Sunnyside.</p><br>
<p>McRaven was eventually sold to William Murray in 1882. Murray and his wife Ellen Flynn raised four daughters and three sons in McRaven. William Murray died at the house in 1911, his wife Ellen died there in 1921, their daughter Ida died in 1946, and a son died in 1950, all in McRaven. From this point on, William&#39;s daughters Annie and Ella Murray, both unmarried, lived alone in the house with no modern conveniences aside from a telephone, and no contact with the outside world except their doctor, Walter Johnston. In 1960, Ella Murray died at the age of 81, and her sister Annie sold the house after moving to a nursing home. At this point, the house was in such disrepair that neighbors and nearby residents had no idea it existed. The upper story was completely overgrown with vines and the sisters had resorted to chopping up the antique furniture for firewood.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, McRaven was purchased by O.E. Bradway and with cosmetic restoration it was opened to the public for touring in 1961. The house was placed on the National Register of Historical Places on January 8, 1979. Later that year, Bradway sold McRaven and some of the furnishings to Charles and Sandra Harvey for $75,000. After the spring pilgrimage, the Harveys closed the house and took on a yearlong restoration at a cost near $100,000. The restoration included such things as woodwork, rewiring, plumbing and plastering. A master at plaster restorations, Mr. Little of Jackson took on the extraordinary task of plastering all the walls and ceilings and restoring the Greek Revival cornices and ceiling medallions. Having samples of the original carpet from the John Bobb era, Mrs. Harvey found a company in Georgia to reproduce the carpet for the parlor, front entry, stairwell and upstairs front bedroom. She also did extensive research on each period of the house to have authentic paint, wallpaper, fabrics and furnishings for the public. The front and rear porch were in disrepair and had been roped off by Bradway. Lincoln Brown with the Waterways Experimental Station rebuilt both front and rear porches. While in the attic, Mr. Harvey discovered many rafters had been damaged from the Unions shelling and needed repair. The 1840 privy which was purchased by Bradway from the Vick House was also repaired. Once again ready for touring, the Vicksburg Sunday Post featured McRavens spring pilgrimage open house in their April 6, 1980, issue. McRaven had been returned to her authentic glory. Though the Harveys and their two children never lived in the house, they spent many nights in the Howards bedroom protecting the home from vandals. In 1984, The Harveys moved to Natchez and sold McRaven to Leyland French for $275,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, Leyland French purchased McRaven and did further restoration, French was the first owner since the Murrays to reside in the house. Aside from a modern kitchen and bathroom in its basement, McRaven has remained largely unchanged since the 19th century. For this reason, McRaven was featured in the July 1963 issue of National Geographic Magazine which called it the "Time Capsule of the South."</p><br>
<h2>Notable tour guests</h2><br>
<p>Among the thousands of visitors to McRaven since it opened for tours in 1961, are Max Baer, Jr. and Irene Ryan of the sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies, who toured the house in the mid-1960s—an autographed photo of them at the house hangs in the foyer of McRaven.</p><br>
<h2>In the media</h2><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>The McRaven House was featured on an episode of Ghost Adventures entitled "Ghosts of Vicksburg: McRaven Mansion" that aired as a special in 2018 on the Travel Channel. The team of paranormal investigators explored the home and its grounds which was used as a Confederate campsite during the Civil War. They investigated reports of the aggressive ghost of Andrew Glass, a highwayman who was murdered by his jealous wife long ago.</p><br>
<p>The Haehnel Building is a historic commercial building in east-central Austin, Texas. The building was constructed c. 1880 and served many commercial purposes throughout the 20th century. It was known as Shorty&#39;s Bar, a popular hangout for the local population .</p><br>
<p>In 1999 the building underwent a renovation as part of a larger renewal project for east downtown Austin.</p><br>
<p>The building is located at 1101 E. 11th Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Hebrew Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia, also known as Hebrew Burying Ground, and previously the Jew&#39;s Burying Ground, dates from 1816. This Jewish cemetery, one of the oldest in the United States, was founded in 1816 as successor to the Franklin Street Burial Grounds of 1789. Among those interred here is Josephine Cohen Joel, who was well known in the early 20th century as the founder of Richmond Art Co. Within Hebrew Cemetery is a plot known as the</p><br>
<p>Soldier&#39;s Section. It contains the graves of 30 Jewish Confederate soldiers who died in or near Richmond.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two Jewish military cemeteries outside of the State of Israel.</p><br>
<p>Located at Fourth and Hospital Streets on historic Shockoe Hill, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It was listed a second time on the National Register of Historic Places on June 16, 2022 as part of the Shockoe Hill Burying Ground Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Hebrew Cemetery is maintained by Congregation Beth Ahabah, a Reform congregation founded in Richmond in 1789.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery for Hebrew Confederate Soldiers</h2><br>
<p>Within the Hebrew Cemetery is a section for Hebrew Confederate Soldiers. The cemetery for Jewish veterans of World War I located in Weissensee, Berlin, is the only Jewish military cemetery not located in Israel. The Confederate section is part of the Hebrew Cemetery on historic Shockoe Hill, and is also maintained by Congregation Beth Ahabah.</p><br>
<p>The Central City/Black Hawk Historic District  is a National Historic Landmark District that encompasses the developed areas of Central City and Black Hawk, Colorado, United States. They are adjacent former gold mining camps in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Gilpin County, Colorado. For a time, the area was known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth, and was the largest urban area of the Colorado Territory in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961, for its well-preserved early mining community architecture and history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On May 5, 1859, John H. Gregory discovered a rich deposit of gold in hard rock, the first such discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. Thousands of miners flooded into Gregory Gulch in the next few months in the Pike&#39;s Peak Gold Rush. Several mining camps were thrown up near the Gregory Lode, and these camps eventually coalesced into Central City and Black Hawk. The area around the Gregory Lode quickly came to be known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth. By the time the Territory of Colorado was formed on February 28, 1861, Central City was already the largest city in the entire territory, though Denver was made the state capital.</p><br>
<p>The Central City/Black Hawk area was a basically continuous arc of mining camps and urban development, with a population of more than 3,000 at its height in 1870. Development extended all the way up to Nevadaville, now a ghost town within the Central City limits. Although the area was settled on the basis of placer mining claims, these played out quickly, and underground mining came to dominate. Between 1859 and 1893, Gilpin County produced more gold than any other area in the American West. The mines were largely played out by the end of the 19th century, and the population of the area crashed in the years before World War I, during which mining was completely suspended. The area&#39;s population has never returned to the level of its heyday.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, casinos were developed in both Central City and Black Hawk, and they have seen a resurgence in attention and funds as a result.</p><br>
<h2>District boundaries</h2><br>
<p>Central City&#39;s built-up area was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 (as the Central City Historic District), and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. In the 1990s, the district was renamed and expanded, to include the built-up parts of Black Hawk, the ghost town of Nevadaville, and the cemetery area of Central City, located up Eureka Gulch from downtown Central City. The landmarked area, covering more than 280 acre, excludes much of the former mining infrastructure visible in the hills above the communities.</p><br>
<p>The Georgetown–Silver Plume National Historic Landmark District is a federally designated United States National Historic Landmark that comprises the Town of Georgetown, the Town of Silver Plume, and the Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park between the two silver mining towns along Clear Creek in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Clear Creek County, Colorado, United States.</p><br>
<p>The district includes well-preserved examples of the buildings and mining structures of the Colorado Silver Boom from 1864 to 1893. The Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park includes the reconstructed Georgetown Loop, a spectacular example of 19th-century narrow gauge railway engineering required to negotiate the 601 ft of elevation rise in the mere 2.0 mi between the two towns. Historic steam locomotives pull passenger trains over the loop from late May through the beautiful Autumn colors of early October. Guided tours of the Lebanon Silver Mine are also available.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gold was discovered in Georgetown by George and David Griffiths in 1859, and Georgetown eventually took its name from the former. The gold finds in the area were relatively minor, but a major lode of silver was discovered in 1864, kicking off the local boom. Georgetown became a center for thousands of miners operating in the surrounding hills. Silver Plume was developed as one of a series of satellite camps, and in 1884 the Georgetown Loop Railroad was built, connecting the two by rail. Mining declined in the 1890s, and the area has since had a relatively low population.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Los Alamitos takes its name from an 1834 Mexican partition of the 1784 Rancho Los Nietos, a Spanish concession, covering an area in present-day California&#39;s southwestern Los Angeles County and northwestern Orange County. Los Alamitos means the Little Cottonwoods or Poplars in Spanish, after the native Fremont Cottonwood trees there.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Los Alamitos originally included much of the area of present-day eastern Long Beach, all of Los Alamitos and Rossmoor, and most of Seal Beach, Cypress, Stanton and Garden Grove. It is also sometimes referred to as Bixby Ranch, after its last private owners. The early 19th century adobe ranch house still stands today, housing a museum which presents the history of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the 28,000 acre Rancho Los Alamitos is almost a microcosm for the history of expansion throughout Southern California, from the Native Americana cultures to contemporary times. The area was first the location of the major circa 500 C.E. - 1780s Tongva — Gabrieliño sacred ceremonial and trading village of Povuu&#39;nga, now an archeological site. After Spanish occupation the ownership was to change and the boundaries would shrink many times. Situated in the floodplain between the mouths of the ever-shifting Los Angeles, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Rivers, the coastal plain terrain of the rancho is virtually flat rich soil, and was subject to frequent flooding. The rancho building itself is located near Puvunga springs alongside on one of the few small hills, Alamitos Mesa, in the area.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Los Alamitos was one of five ranchos that resulted from the partition of the original Rancho Los Nietos grant given to Manuel Nieto, a former sergeant in the Spanish army, in 1784 by governor Pedro Fages, coincidentally his former commander. Nieto&#39;s grant was not only one of the first three awarded by the Spanish in Alta California, it was also the largest. After Nieto died, his children requested his original grant be partitioned. In 1834, Mexican governor José Figueroa officially declared Rancho Los Alamitos as one of the five partitions.</p><br>
<p>In 1844 the rancho was purchased by Abel Stearns, a Massachusetts native who typified the many Yankees who settled in California and merged with the ruling Mexican Californios population. Stearns, who married Arcadia Bandini, the daughter of the early Spanish regional civic and business leader Juan Bandini, became one of the leading merchants and major ranchos owners in Mexican Alta California.</p><br>
<p>The rancho was on the periphery of the battles that settled the California Campaign of the Mexican–American War by 1846. During the California Gold Rush, the rancho supplied much of the beef that would be herded north to feed the growing number of Immigrants who were flocking to the gold fields of Northern California from 1848 on. After California became a USA state in 1850, Rancho Los Alamitos was the headquarters of the largest cattle ranch then in existence in the United States. Through shrewd business dealings, Stearns assumed control of Los Alamitos and many other surrounding ranchos.</p><br>
<p>With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Los Alamitos was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Abel Stearns Aug. 29, 1874, for 28,027.17 acres.</p><br>
<p>After a disastrous drought in the 1860s, Stearns lost control of the ranch which was then sub-let to a number of farmers until the early 1880s when John William Bixby, a cousin of Jotham Bixby and Llewellyn Bixby who controlled the adjacent Rancho Los Cerritos, bought the rancho along with a group which included his cousins and Isaias Hellman, the founder of the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>Trying to capitalize on the 1880s Southern California land boom, John Bixby developed the townsite of Alamitos Beach, which would eventually be assumed by Long Beach. Before Bixby could do much more he died suddenly in 1888, apparently due to an appendicitis attack, and Rancho Los Alamitos was separated between three major parties. The developed Alamitos Beach properties were shared equally, while John Bixbys heirs kept the central section of the remaining rancho, the Bixby cousins from Rancho Los Cerritos assumed control of the northern section, and Hellman took control of the southern lands around present day Seal Beach. Unfortunately, a financial crisis prevented the various parties from seriously pursuing John Bixbys dream of developing Alamitos Beach.</p><br>
<p>The Bixbys had once flirted with sugar beet production on properties they held in Northern California. In the 1890s, Jotham Bixby arranged to provide land on the rancho for sugar beet production and recruited the capital of William Clark, who was amongst the richest men in the United States, to build a sugar beet refinery plant on a portion of the Bixby Ranch property. Later oil discoveries from the Long Beach Oil Field continued to fund the rancho.</p><br>
<p>The historic ranch house, surrounding ranching facilities, and some open landscape of Rancho Los Alamitos can still be found adjacent to Cal State Long Beach. The Bixby family descendants donated the property to the City of Long Beach in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Historic sites of the Rancho</h2><br>
<p>The early 19th century adobe ranch house still stands today, surrounded by its historic gardens designed by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. and Florence Yoch & Lucile Council, all of which are on the National Register of Historic Places. The Rancho Los Alamitos house and grounds are a museum which presents the history of the rancho era, the country house era, and the region.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church of Golden and the Unger House are two buildings in the Foothills Art Center in Golden, Colorado, United States. Together with a manse adjourning the church they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and are the most prominent landmarks of Golden&#39;s Court House Hill neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>First Presbyterian Church & Manse</h2><br>
<p>The main building of the Foothills complex, the historic First Presbyterian Church was originally built in 1872 as the southwesterly portion of the present building. Originally it was a small east–west oriented chapel with Gothic stained glass windows and brick buttresses, for the congregation founded in 1870 by the famed circuit riding minister Sheldon Jackson. The church was built on land donated by William A.H. Loveland. In 1898 the growing congregation hired prominent area architect James H. Gow to redesign and add onto the building, which transformed it into a roughly cross-shaped chapel with northeast corner bell tower, with smooth new facing brick enabling the whole to match. The place continued serving as the First Presbyterian Church until the congregation outgrew this space and moved to south Golden in 1958. The fledgling Jefferson Unitarian Church, led by C. Leon Hopper, then took over the church building, and worshipped here for 10 years until moving to their own home east of Golden in Applewood in 1968. By that time, Golden sidewalk art sales were calling attention to the need for an area art center of its own, which led to the creation of the Foothills Art Center, which took over the already artistic space. It has since become one of the renowned art exhibition places of Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The Manse of the complex is the northwest wing of the Foothills gallery complex. It was built freestanding in 1892 as the home for the minister of the First Presbyterian Church. It is a Queen Anne-styled home with upper story fishscale siding and onion dome tower. Through additions added in 1898, 1920 and 1947 the main church was linked to this building. It now serves as the main entrance and gift shop of the Foothills Art Center.</p><br>
<h2>Unger House</h2><br>
<p>The Unger House, also historically known as the Rubey House, is a brick house which stands south of the First Presbyterian Church building on Washington Avenue. It was originally designed and built in 1899 by prominent Golden builder Perre O. Unger. It is Edwardian style, featuring a northeast corner tower and ornamental front porch. Built as a speculation, it was sold in 1900 to banker Jesse W. Rubey as a home for family matriarch Ella M. Rubey. Around 1990 the home was purchased by the Foothills Art Center and now serves as their offices.</p><br>
<p>Fischer Field Stadium is the signature athletic field in Newton, Kansas, and is located in Athletic Park. The stadium is used for athletic events — including high school football and soccer , competitive leagues, and semi-pro football — concerts, Newton High School graduation and a variety of community events and festivals. The stadium is listed on both the Kansas Register and National Register of Historic Places. It can seat up to 5,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>Fischer Field history</h2><br>
<p>Dr. John T. Axtell, owner of the land upon which Athletic Park sits, came to Newton in 1878. He served as the principal of one of the city schools for two years, saving money to enter the University of Michigan Medical School. After the two-year course there and studies at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1883. In 1887, Dr. Axtell established the first hospital in Newton. His wife, Lucena Chase Axtell, with two young daughters in tow, then attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Kansas City. She graduated in 1895, becoming one of the first female physicians in the nation. Dr. Lucena Axtell and Dr. J.L. Abbey joined Dr. Axtell in medical practice at the Axtell Hospital, eventually establishing the Axtell Clinic.</p><br>
<p>As well as contributing greatly to medicine in the state, Dr. John Axtell was an entrepreneur interested in livestock, horses, and horse racing. Dr. Axtell&#39;s Newton Driving and Athletic Association built what became known as "one of the fastest half-mile race tracks in the state" upon land he owned. In 1909, Dr. Axtell sold the land to the City of Newton for $5,000, financed though a 10-year bond issue. This purchase included most of the land that is now Athletic Park. Since 1909, Athletic Park has served many functions, including hosting an automobile tourist camp in the early days of automobile travel, quoted in a Chamber of Commerce pamphlet in the mid-1920s to be "one of the most comfortable and commodious tourist camps in Kansas." The race track in the park was used for horse, motorcycle, and automobile racing; the park also contained ball fields, playgrounds, and picnic shelters. A zoo with several animals and a working small-scale railroad entertained a generation of children in the 1960s. Newtonians swam in Sand Creek at Athletic Park until the public swimming pool was built in the park in 1934.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the City of Newton was granted funds by the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program for recovery from the Great Depression, to build a football stadium in Athletic Park. The stadium was completed in 1936. More than 1,400 athletic fields and 1,800 swimming pools were constructed with New Deal funds, but stadiums were rare. Fischer Field is a significant historic structure in Newton because of its ties to the New Deal programs and the rarity of a stadium funded by those programs. It is one of the few remaining remnants of the City&#39;s development in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The stadium has been the home of Newton High School football and until 2005, the home of Bethel College football, as well as community events. The stadium, named Curtis Fischer Field in 1992, was placed on the Kansas Register of Historic Places in August 2003 and on the National Register of Historic Places in December 2003. Another structure in the park listed on the state and national registers is the Mennonite Settler statue, sculpted in 1942 by artist Max Nixon.</p><br>
<h2>Rehabilitation</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, the City of Newton, Newton Recreation Commission and Newton USD 373 committed a total of 1.8 mills of property taxes to upgrade athletic facilities citywide. This included the renovation, rehabilitation and additions to Fischer Field Stadium. Funding for the stadium project also came from a Heritage Trust Fund Grant from the Kansas State Historical Society and private contributions.</p><br>
<p>The Fischer Field Stadium project included construction of a one-story masonry and concrete structure that houses public restrooms and concession sales, two public plazas at either end of the existing stadium, new visitor bleachers, and concrete walkways and pad; and renovations and historic preservation work on the existing stadium, including new locker rooms, full ADA upgrades, restrooms, mechanical systems, electrical systems and bleachers. Two paved parking lots were constructed, and new low-level lighting was also added. The project also included removal of the natural turf and installation of state-of-the-art artificial turf by FieldTurf, new goal posts, and new field lighting and sound system.</p><br>
<p>A private fundraising campaign, "Fields of Memories," raised about $125,000 for the project from Newton High School alumni and supporters. In August 2005, the Newton Kansan published a commemorative edition about Fischer Field that included citizens’ thoughts about the renovations and memories of the historic field. Hundreds attended a ribbon-cutting and grand opening celebration, which featured food, entertainment, and tours of the newly renovated stadium.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>The field is named after "John Curtis Fischer". He was born in Leroy, Kansas, December 11, 1921. He married Betty Lorraine Heath of Madison (DOB 11Nov1922), Kansas. He played football at Emporia State Teachers College in Kansas and was co-captain with "Bernie" Taylor. He graduated from Emporia State in 1943 and subsequently served in the United States Navy as a "90-Day Wonder" officer. He entered and left military service as a Lieutenant J.G. He was on board LST-540 on D-Day during the Normandy invasion. Curtis also served in the Pacific Theater until the Japanese surrendered and was honorably discharged after the war.</p><br>
<p>He coached football and basketball after World War II in Madison, Kansas before moving to Newton, Kansas in 1949. "Curtis", as he was known, coached the first Arkansas Valley Football Championship Team in 1951-2. He loved sports and competition. Funds being sparse he would often go the football field during summer nights to change the sprinklers for the newly planted seeds to help assure a good field in the upcoming fall competition. Curtis also coached track in the spring and was successful in helping a talented runner obtain a scholarship to the University of Missouri. The athlete&#39;s name was Henry Wiebe. Henry still holds the 220 yard dash state record of 21.0 seconds. The 220-dash is now run around the curve. Henry also set a state record in the 120-yard high hurdles and broke a national record in the 180-yard low hurdles while finishing second to Charles Tidwell.</p><br>
<p>Curtis related that his successes where not his own but rather the talent, intelligence and commitment of the young men he mentored. Most of the young with whom Curtis related, both on and off the field of competition, found themselves leading productive lives through his leadership.</p><br>
<p>Curtis became the Vice-Principal of Newton High School but longed to return to the classroom, which he did, finishing 38 years of teaching and coaching at Chisholm Junior High School. He and Betty had three children, Larry, Ronald (Ron) and Linda. Curtis died in August 1991. His wife Betty was active in attaching his name to the field and sport he loved so well.</p><br>
<p>Curtis was inducted posthumously into the sports Halls of Fame at both Newton and Emporia State.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart Catholic Church is located at 2206 Binney Street in the Kountze Place neighborhood of North Omaha, Nebraska within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1902 in Late Gothic Revival style, the City of Omaha declared it a landmark in 1979, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Located in a historically African American neighborhood today, the church was originally constructed on land donated by Omaha real estate investor and banker Herman Kountze for his housing addition called Kountze Place.</p><br>
<p>A high-end streetcar suburb, Kountze Place was an all-white enclave for more than 50 years. White flight in the neighborhood began in 1936 with the imposition of Home Owners Loan Corporation funds diverting money from a neighboring African American neighborhood called the Omaha. This mass exodus of parishioners from the surrounding neighborhood left Sacred Heart in a lurch, and the church became an open parish for members across the city. Today, the parish and its elementary school for neighborhood students continue thriving, along with a community outreach program and more.</p><br>
<p>The building continues serving the parish and has been recognized as an official Omaha Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Garneau Jr. House, later called the Thomas Kilpatrick House or the Garneau–Kilpatrick House, is located at 3100 Chicago Street in the Gifford Park neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Built in 1890 for cracker magnate Joseph Garneau Jr., it changed hands in 1903 when Garneau moved to New York City to set up a wine importing business. Thomas Kilpatrick lived in the house until his death in 1916.</p><br>
<p>The Romanesque Revival style of the house led to it be designated an Omaha Landmark in 1980; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The house is now referred to as “Red Rocks” by the current tenant, the Nebraska Gamma (Creighton) chapter of Phi Delta Theta fraternity.</p><br>
<p>The Sherman is a historically significant apartment building located at 2501 North 16th Street in the Near North Side of Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1897, it was designated an Omaha landmark in 1985; in 1986 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Sherman is a Neo-Classical Revival style apartment building, and according to the City of Omaha, was one of the first three apartment buildings constructed in Omaha. Named for Sherman Avenue, the former name of Omaha&#39;s North Sixteenth Street, today the three-story building is the oldest apartment building in the city. It has been in continuous use as an apartment since its construction.</p><br>
<p>George H. Payne, developer of the Sherman, was one of the eleven board of directors of Omahas 1898 Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition which was held in nearby Kountze Park. The build site of the Sherman was selected because it was on the direct route to the entrance of the impending Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition and at the intersection of two important street car lines. Architecturally the Sherman is unique to the City, exhibiting the influence of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. In its use of classical elements, it also anticipates later apartment buildings with its simple, rectangular brick form.</p><br>
<p>The Walter H. Gale House, located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and constructed in 1893. The house was commissioned by Walter H. Gale of a prominent Oak Park family and is the first home Wright designed after leaving the firm of Adler & Sullivan . The Gale House was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 17, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1893 for Walter H. Gale, who was a member of one of Oak Parks "founding families" and a local hardware store operator. The house was the first design undertaken after he left Louis Sullivans firm, Adler & Sullivan. The house followed on in the nature of Wright&#39;s own home and was one of a series of modest homes designed in 1892 and 1893. Two of these homes were designed for Walter Gale on a speculative basis, the other being known as the Robert P. Parker House, which stand down Chicago Avenue from the Gale House.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is designed in a geometric Queen Anne style and demonstrates Wrights predilection for informal planning. The Queen Anne design, influenced by Wrights first teacher, Louis Sullivan, demonstrates just how far Wright had to go before his early modern style, known as Prairie style, was fully mature. The Gale House is clearly a Queen Anne style home, evidence of this can be found in the complexity of the massing, the dormer details, Palladian windows in the side gables and the varied textures of shingles, siding and brick as well as diamond pane and leaded glass. Despite the evident Queen Anne elements, the Gale House has a geometric purity which is unconventional. It represents the beginning of Wright&#39;s move to free himself from the constraints of historic design styles.</p><br>
<p>The frame construction home is built upon a granite foundation with an exterior covering of mostly narrow clapboards. The original diamond-pane, leaded glass casement windows are intact. On the interior the home&#39;s ground floor consists of a stairway, reception room, living room, dining room, kitchen and pantry. The hall is paneled in oiled birch and has a railing with "highly attenuated balusters framing the stairs." The second floor features four bedrooms, one with a bathroom and fireplace. The third floor houses a large room laid out on an east–west axis.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is one of the earliest independent designs by Frank Lloyd Wright and is especially important as a link in Wright&#39;s evolution from a more traditional style to the later designs of his early modern style. The house, listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 17, 1973, also shows the effect that Louis Sullivan had on the young architect and the eventual disciplined and geometric direction Wright went with his designs.</p><br>
<p>The Peter A. Beachy House is a home in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois that was entirely remodeled by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1906. The house that stands today is almost entirely different from the site&#39;s original home, a Gothic cottage. The home is listed as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District, which was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original home, a Gothic cottage, was almost entirely replaced when banker Peter A. Beachy commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to "remodel" the home. The house is set at right angles to the street to utilize part of the cottage&#39;s original foundation and take full advantage of a southern exposure. Wright built this house after returning from a trip to Japan, and the exterior has several Japan-inspired elements.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Though the Beachy House incorporates an earlier structure, the original building is obliterated on the interior. The only points that the original house, known as the Fargo House, still exist are found in the basement of the Beachy House. The house has seven gables and sits on the largest residential lot in Oak Park.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Peter A. Beachy House is an example of Wright&#39;s prairie design work. It is listed as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District. The historic district joined the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Kituwa  or giduhwa  is a Woodland period Native American settlement near the upper Tuckasegee River, and is claimed by the Cherokee people as their original town. An earthwork platform mound, built about 1000 CE, marks a ceremonial site here. The historic Cherokee built a townhouse on top that was used for their communal gatherings and decisionmaking; they replaced it repeatedly over decades. They identify Kituwa as one of the "seven mother towns" in their traditional homeland of the American Southeast. This site is in modern Swain County, North Carolina, in the Great Smoky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee lost control of this site to the United States in the early 19th century. In the late 1830s, most of their people in the Southeast were forcibly removed by US forces to Indian Territory. Descendants of those who remained in North Carolina formed the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), which is federally recognized.</p><br>
<p>Kituwa (31Sw2) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 because of its historic and archeological significance. In 1996 the EBCI purchased 309 acres of land, including Kituwa mound and the former town site. They have conducted archeological surveys that have added to their knowledge about the long history of the site and Cherokee uses, including burials there. As a result, they have decided to leave this sacred site undeveloped.</p><br>
<p>Since the mid-19th century, the term "Keetoowah" has been associated with Cherokee people, initially full-blood only, who supported a kind of religious nationalism. They adhered to pre-contact communal ways. Conservative descendants of Cherokee who had migrated to Arkansas and Indian Territory in the 1810s and 1820s later formed what is now the federally recognized tribe of the United Keetoowah Band, based in Oklahoma. During the 19th century, after removal to Indian Territory, there were Cherokee groups who identified as Keetoowah, at times forming secret societies that maintained rituals and sacred ceremonies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kituwa is the site of Woodland period villages and an earthwork platform mound, which was built by about 1000 CE during the period of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture. The Cherokee hold the site sacred as the original town of their people. It is along the Tuckaseegee River, before its confluence with the Oconaluftee River.</p><br>
<p>For peoples of several Woodland and Mississippian cultures, building such earthwork mounds was characteristic of their societies and an expression of public architecture that was part of their cosmology and political system. Remains of such platform mounds and effigy mounds are evident throughout the Mississippi Basin and Ohio Valley. The areas of moundbuilding by various cultures included Tennessee to the west, Georgia to the southeast, Louisiana to the southwest, and Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The South Appalachian Mississippian culture, a regional variation of the classic Mississippian culture, is documented as established in what is now known as Western North Carolina from 1000 CE. Mississippian-culture sites have been identified extending southwest in the river valleys, including the town later called Kituwa by the Cherokee, where the ancient platform mound is still visible. The Mississippian-culture peoples were part of vast, indigenous trade networks that connected chiefdoms throughout the present-day eastern United States, spanning the continent from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes. In contrast to some of the larger settlements in the Midwest, which had large complexes of multiple mounds, in North Carolina most of the major towns had a single platform mound. Smaller villages developed near what the Cherokee called the "mother towns".</p><br>
<h3>Historic Cherokee</h3><br>
<p>Archaeologists believe the people of the smaller chiefdoms were eventually absorbed by the developing, larger Catawba and Cherokee tribes of this region. These have been documented since the historic period.</p><br>
<p>Cherokee public architecture took the form of building townhouses, also known as council houses, on top of the platform mounds. Where no mound existed, they built the townhouse at a central plaza in the town. It was the place for community gathering and creation of consensus for communal decisionmaking.</p><br>
<p>At the time of European encounter, the Cherokee regularly burned the vegetation on the mound for agricultural use. It may also have been part of ritual to preserve the mound, to keep it visible and free of trees. Burning underbrush was part of sustainable farming practices.</p><br>
<p>After European Americans forced the removal of the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s from the Southeast, they took over their lands. At Kituwa, they repeatedly plowed the mound and village area for corn cultivation. The mound is still visible although much shorter than it would have been during the Cherokee time. By the end of the period of European-American ownership, the mound was within the boundaries of a private property called Ferguson&#39;s Field.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the remaining Kituwa mound is 170 ft in diameter and five feet tall, although archeologists know that it was once taller. According to Cherokee oral tradition, they had built a townhouse structure on top that housed their sacred flame, which was to be kept burning at all times.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants of Kituwah, known as the Ani-kitu-hwagi, influenced all of the Cherokee towns of the heartland along the Tuckasegee and Oconaluftee rivers (which were known as the Out Towns, in a geographic grouping). The people also influenced the Middle Towns, those Cherokee towns along the upper Little Tennessee River and its tributaries. The Valley Towns were further south in this area, along the upper Hiwassee, Nantahala, and Valley rivers; all of these were located in what later became the province and state of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The people of this region became known as the Kituwah, also spelled Keetoowah, after the name of their mother town. Because the Kituwah were seen to protect the northern border of the Cherokee from Iroquois nations raiding from New York and various Algonquian peoples, gradually Kituwah also became synonymous with Cherokee.</p><br>
<p>During the colonial period, the Cherokee towns along the Savannah River (also known as the Keowee River in their territory) and its tributaries were known by English colonists as the Lower Towns. The colonists referred to the towns in eastern Tennessee as the Overhill Towns, as their traders had to cross the Appalachian Mountains to reach them. They were located along the lower Little Tennessee River and upper Tennessee River, as well as the Tellico River and lower Hiwassee River.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee language is of Iroquoian origin, and most tribes of this language family have historically been based around the Great Lakes in North America. The Cherokee and other southern Iroquoian-speaking tribes, such as the Tuscarora in South Carolina, and Meherrin and Nottoway in Virginia, are believed to have migrated long ago to the South from the Great Lakes area. According to James Mooney&#39;s study and compilation of Cherokee myth, published after living with the people, such migration is recounted in Cherokee oral history. The Cherokee settled in the territory of what is now western Virginia, western South and North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, and northeastern Georgia, which they consider their homelands.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the ancient site of the Mother Town Kituwa is visible in the general area of the Qualla Boundary. The federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee (ECBI), based in North Carolina, re-acquired Kituwa and an associated 309 acre in 1996, taking it back under Cherokee control.(see below "reclamation")</p><br>
<h2>Colonial and early federal period</h2><br>
<p>During the Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761), British forces under general James Grant destroyed the town of Kituwa during the Cherokee-Anglo War, which was caused by the settlers of Virginia killing several Cherokee auxiliaries and selling their scalps. (The Cherokee-Anglo War began in late 1759 after approximately four years of increased hostilities due to British failure to meet treaty terms, settler encroachment, and shortages of pay to Cherokee auxiliaries who had fought in the Forbes expedition against Fort Duquesne.)</p><br>
<p>Kituwa&#39;s survivors migrated westward across the Appalachian Mountains, settling in Mialoquo (Great Island Town) on the lower Little Tennessee River among the Overhill Cherokee. A later headman of this group was Dragging Canoe, son of Attakullakulla. During and after the American Revolutionary War, when he led his warriors southwest to continue fighting the colonists of Upper East Tennessee, the entire population went with him, including those formerly of Kituwa.</p><br>
<p>By 1819 the Cherokee lost control of the Kituwa area after being forced to make treaties and land cessions in this area to the United States. In the late 1830s most Cherokee in the Southeast were forcibly removed by the federal government, walking overland on the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory. Descendants of those who remained in this area later organized and were federally recognized in 1868 as the Eastern Band of Cherokee, based in Western North Carolina. They are the only federally recognized tribe in the state, and one of three Cherokee tribes. The other two are in what is now the state of Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h3>20th-century reclamation</h3><br>
<p>In 1996 the Eastern Band of Cherokee purchased the Kituwah mound and village site, a total of 309 acre. Their 1997 archaeological survey of Kituwah revealed thousands of artifacts, evidence of thousands of years of human habitation at this site. Among the evidence of settlement was an early 18th-century Cherokee town, which occupied 65 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee have debated how to use the land. Initially some EBCI members wanted to develop the property for community uses. Since then they have had additional, non-invasive archaeological surveys conducted by use of a gradiometer. These revealed 15 burials. There is a likelihood of up to 1000 burials, as it was the Cherokee custom for people to be buried in the village where they lived. This survey also revealed the location of many hearth sites, including one at the center of the town. This would likely have been associated with the sacred fire of the townhouse on the mound.</p><br>
<p>Based on these discoveries, more Cherokee citizens believe that the sacred nature of the site requires that it be left undisturbed. They are planning uses associated with community wellness and renewal. The Eastern Cherokee have sponsored two youth retreats at the site, which highlighted traditional ways of spiritual expression.</p><br>
<h3>Duke Energy controversy in 2010</h3><br>
<p>In the early 21st century, Duke Energy announced plans to build a $52 million substation near the Kituwah mound. Both Swain County and the Eastern Cherokee opposed this project; the county asked for a moratorium on such projects until it could consider zoning ordinances to regulate them. But the state Utilities Commission has the power to override local ordinances in order to achieve its mission of supplying electricity at reasonable rates.</p><br>
<p>On February 4, 2010, the Eastern Cherokee Tribal Council passed a resolution opposing the project, stating,</p><br>
<p>It is this Tribe&#39;s solemn responsibility and moral duty to care for and protect all of Kituwah from further desecration and degradation by human agency in order to preserve the integrity of the most important site for the origination and continuation of Cherokee culture, heritage, history and identity.</p><br>
<p>In March 2010, Swain County passed a resolution calling for a 90-day moratorium to stop construction of Duke Energys project until they could better consult. On April 23, 2010, the North Carolina Utilities Commission denied Duke Energys "Motion to Hold Complaint in Abeyance." It directed Duke to file an answer to the complaint on or before May 10, 2010. Duke agreed to halt the construction that threatened Kituwah for 90 days until the complaint was heard.</p><br>
<p>In July 2010 the Swain County commission passed an ordinance requiring Duke Energy to consult with local stakeholders about projects, which they had not originally done in this case.</p><br>
<h2>Traditions</h2><br>
<p>Cherokee oral traditions say that all Cherokee settled in Kituwa after the migration from the Great Lakes region of the United States and southern Canada as early as 4,000 years ago. Cultural and archaeological evidence support the people&#39;s accounts of their migration, but there is no scholarly consensus about when they reached the Southeast and formed the culture recognized as Cherokee.</p><br>
<p>The ancient Cherokee had a hereditary priesthood, called the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni, a structure that may have been adopted from another tribe. According to research by early 20th-century ethnographer James Mooney, the Cherokee held the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni "in awe" and "greatly feared them." They were not the regular chiefs. These were of two types, known as the uguku (owls), or "white" chiefs (sometimes identified as those who worked for peace or during times of peace), and the kolona (ravens), or "red" chiefs (identified as those who led in times of war.)</p><br>
<p>Some traditional Cherokee identify by the autonym of Ah-ni-ki-tu-wa-gi (spelled variously in local Oklahoma dialects as Ki-tu-wa or Gi-du-wa), meaning Kituwa people. The meaning of the word Kituwa is known to contemporary Cherokee speakers. It is not widely reported because of its sacred nature. Other known etymologies for Kituwah stem from "Ga-Du-Hv," which is the word for a town which is derived from the root "Ga-du" meaning "to gather," with a past tense locative suffix indicating "Place Where They Were Gathered." The name is in reference to its role as one of the mother towns of the Cherokee Nation.</p><br>
<p>Honoring the "mother town" was analogous to honoring Selu, the Cherokee Corn Mother (of the ancient Green Corn Ceremony and many other connections). Honoring mothers is a concept that is pervasive in Cherokee culture. Well into the 20th century, the Cherokee had a matrilineal kinship system, by which clan membership, inheritance and status were carried by the mothers family. A child was considered born into its mothers family and clan.</p><br>
<p>In the Green Corn Ceremony, one of the two social dances performed is of ancient origin. It may have been practiced in the mother town of Kituwa. The dance is called ye-lu-le, which means "to the center". During it, all of the dancers shout ye-lu-le and move toward the fire in the center of the dance circle. This dance symbolizes the dispersal of the sacred fire given to the people, according to their ancient legends. During Green Corn ceremonies in traditional Cherokee society, the coals of new fire were carried to all the Cherokee. They were used to kindle the ceremonial fires in each town before any of the new corn could be eaten. The home fires in outlying Cherokee communities were extinguished before the ceremonies and relit from the coals of the fire kindled during the Green Corn Dances.</p><br>
<p>The Coming Street Cemetery is located at 189 Coming Street, in Charleston, South Carolina. This Jewish cemetery, one of the oldest in the United States was founded in 1762 by Sephardi Jews and is the oldest Jewish burial ground in the South. Burials in the Coming Street Cemetery are now restricted to the few vacancies in the adjacent family plots. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Coming Street cemetery is a private burial ground owned by Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue and a donation is requested in order to be given a tour of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Spring Garden is a neighborhood in central Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, bordering Center City on the north. Spring Garden is a neighborhood that combines diverse residential neighborhoods and significant cultural attractions.</p><br>
<p>The residential areas on the north side of the neighborhood, located north of Spring Garden Street. The neighborhood is composed mostly of brick and brownstone three-story townhouses built during the mid-to-late 19th century. The houses include townhouses in the Italianate style, Second Empire, Queen Anne, and Venetian Gothic. Many streets, including Green Street and Spring Garden Street, include "terraced" set ups, which include a small gardened plot, often raised, in front of the house. The residential areas to the south are dominated by taller, multi-family buildings built during the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The museum area, located south of Spring Garden Street, includes the Rodin Museum, the Free Library of Philadelphia, and the Barnes Foundation. Before consolidation of Philadelphia, Spring Garden was a district of Philadelphia County.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>Finkel defines Spring Garden as "North of Benjamin Franklin Parkway to Fairmount Avenue, Broad Street to Schuylkill River." The Philadelphia Information Locator Service list augmented from the Finkel 1995 list, repeats Finkels definition of the neighborhoods boundaries. One qualification that should be added is that this definition would have Spring Garden as extending deep into Center City, nearly all the way to City Hall. The other boundary that most would agree Finkel omitted is Vine Street.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Garden Civic Association limits its purview to only the northern half of the above definition, as "between Spring Garden Street and Fairmount Avenue and between Broad Street and Pennsylvania Avenue/Fairmount Park." The sub-neighborhood of Baldwin Park occupies the area between Spring Garden Street and Vine Street and between Broad Street and the Schuylkill River. The neighborhood is named after the centrally located Matthias Baldwin Park.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood&#39;s main arterial road is Spring Garden Street, running east to west.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Spring Garden is within the 19130 ZIP Code, which also includes Fairmount and Francisville. The 2000 census reported that the population within the 19130 ZIP code is 22,252. The racial composition of Spring Garden was 60% white, 30% African American, 3% Asian, and 7% Hispanic.</p><br>
<p>Ten years later, the population of the 19130 ZIP code had increased by 10% to 24,870, an increase in population of 2,618, with a racial composition of 68.1% white, 21.4% black, and 5.6% Asian.</p><br>
<p>Before the neighborhood was incorporated into the city of Philadelphia in 1854, the city of Spring Garden peaked at ninth on the list of the largest cities in the United States during the 1850 Census.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Spring Garden appears in Varie&#39;s map of 1796 as a small settlement between Vine Street and Buttonwood Lane and a point on a line with Seventh Street, and extending as far west as Ridge Road. There was a street, now known as Franklin Street which ran north from Vine Street across Callowhill, and stopped opposite a house half-way between Callowhill, and Buttonwood Lane. The Street now known as Eighth Street (then called Garden Street) ran through the centre of the district, and the street now called Darien, formally Garden Street, then called Spring Street, ran from Vine to Buttonwood.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was originally part of Northern Liberties, a township to the north of the city, which at that time was distinct from the other townships and municipalities within the County of Philadelphia. It was originally part of a manor (named Spingettsbury Farm) established by William Penn. During the late 1700s, the manor was split into two estates---"Bush Hill" (located to the east of 19th Street) and "The Hills" (located to the west of 19th Street). In the early 1800s, the estates were subdivided, and from 1850 to 1876, housing was developed in alignment with the city grid that had originally been established by William Penn.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood name is quite old, going back many decades before Philadelphias Act of Consolidation, when the area was part of the Spring Garden District of Philadelphia County, not yet part of the city. Finkel gives 1808 as the year it first appears in the written sources that he and his contributors consulted. The Philadelphia Information Locator Service list (augmented from the Finkel 1995 list), while repeating Finkels definition of the neighborhood&#39;s boundaries, gives 1813 as the earliest year of use.</p><br>
<p>The district was incorporated March 22, 1813, as "the Commissioners and Inhabitants of the district of Spring Garden." The original boundaries were Vine Street on the south; the middle of Hickory Lane (afterwards Coates Street, now Fairmount Avenue) on the north; Broad Street on; the west, and the middle of Sixth Street on; the east.</p><br>
<p>On March 21, 1827, the district was enlarged by adding; that part of Penn Township beginning at the middle of Sixth Street to a point 210 feet north of the north side of Poplar Lane; thence northwest, parallel to the lane, at a distance of 200 feet from the latter, to the middle of Broad Street; thence parallel with Vine Street to the Schuylkill River.</p><br>
<p>The meaning of this was, that whilst the upper boundary of the district took a course from Sixth Street west by north to Broad Street, the line beyond the latter ran due east and west to the Schuylkill. It extended by the course of that river to Vine Street, and along the latter to Broad, where it met the old district line. By this addition the size of Spring Garden was more than doubled. At the time of consolidation the area of the district was estimated to be 1100 acres (4.5 km).The former diagonal street York Avenue, a short section of which survives in Center City, formerly ran from Spring Garden to Fifth Street near Market Street and during the mid 19th century served as a major commuter route for residents of the Spring Garden District who worked in what was then the central business district of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its consolidation in 1854, it was one of the ten largest cities in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was once home to significant heavy industry. Many blocks of the neighborhood were once covered by the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Various Bement-related machine tool firms (William Bement & Son; Bement, Miles & Co; and then Niles-Bement-Pond) occupied the site where the Barnes Foundation museum now stands.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure and government</h2><br>
<h3>City government</h3><br>
<p>The Spring Garden neighborhood is in the 15th Ward and the 8th Ward. The 8th Ward leaders in 2011 are Stephanie Singer (D) and Alber Doering (R); the 15th Ward leaders are William Greenlee (D) and Jason Brehouse (R). Generally, the northern part of Spring Garden (Spring Garden Street and north) is in the 15th Ward; the southern part is in the 8th Ward.</p><br>
<p>Spring Garden is within the 5th City Council District., the 5th district is served by Councilman Darrell Clarke, who is the council&#39;s president.</p><br>
<h3>State government</h3><br>
<p>The Spring Garden neighborhood is in the 182d State House District and the 195th State House District. Generally, the northern part of Spring Garden (Spring Garden Street and north; roughly co-terminous with the portions of Spring Garden in the 15th Ward) is in the 195th State House District. In 2011, the representative from the 195th house district was Michelle F. Brownlee. Generally, the southern part of Spring Garden (the portion in the 8th Ward) is in the 182d State House District. In 2011, the representative from the 182d house district is Babette Josephs.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Garden neighborhood is in the 1st State Senate District. Since 2020, the State Senator is Nikil Saval.</p><br>
<h3>Community association</h3><br>
<p>Spring Garden is represented by the Spring Garden Civic Association. The Civic Association performs neighborhood maintenance services, such as occasional street sweeping and tree planting. Further, much of the neighborhood is included in The Spring Garden Historic District, intended to preserve the historic architecture of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h3>Parks</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood includes the Roberto Clemente Playground, which was renovated in 2011 and includes a "sprayground." The neighborhood also includes "The Spring Gardens" community garden which covers an entire city block. The block was cleared in 1996 and was turned into a community garden composed of over 180 garden plots that are cared for by neighborhood families.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<h3>Automobile</h3><br>
<p>As mentioned above, the main arterial road through Spring Garden is Spring Garden Street, which runs east and west. The neighborhood is bounded on the east by Broad Street, which runs north and south. The neighborhood is also bounded by Vine Street on the south, which contains an entrance to Interstate 676. On the west, the neighborhood is bounded by the Benjamin Franklin Parkway and Pennsylvania Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>Public transportation</h3><br>
<p>Spring Garden is served by several public transportation routes of SEPTA, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority.</p><br>
<p>Despite the neighborhood&#39;s importance to American railway history, most of its rail infrastructure is gone. The Philadelphia and Reading right-of-way, cut down below street level, is abandoned to woods in one portion and serves as parking in another.</p><br>
<p>Several bus routes and a subway route connect the neighborhood to Center City and other city neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h4>Broad Street subway</h4><br>
<p>On the east side of the neighborhood, the subway connects the neighborhood to North Philadelphia (for example, Temple University), City Hall, Walnut Street, and the Sports Complex. The Spring Garden station, refurbished in 2011, is located at Broad Street and Spring Garden Street.</p><br>
<h4>Bus route 33</h4><br>
<p>The 33 bus route runs south through the neighborhood on 19th Street. It runs along Market eastward to Penn&#39;s Landing. The 33 returns, running west along John F. Kennedy Boulevard and north through the Spring Garden neighborhood on 20th Street.</p><br>
<p>During rush hour, the 33 south-bound runs every 5–8 minutes and takes about 10–12 minutes from 20th and Spring Garden to 16th and Market. Likewise, during rush hour, the 33 runs north-bound every 5–8 minutes and takes about 12–14 minutes to get from 15th & John F. Kennedy Boulevard to 20th & Spring Garden.</p><br>
<h4>Bus route 2</h4><br>
<p>The 2 bus route runs south through the Spring Garden neighborhood on 17th Street. It continues south on 17th through Center City to South Philadelphia at Oregon Station. The 2 bus route returns north from South Philadelphia, through Center City, on 16th Street.</p><br>
<p>During rush hour, the 2 south bound runs every 10–13 minutes and takes 9–11 minutes to get from 17th and Spring Garden to 17th and Market. Likewise, during rush hour, the 2 runs north-bound every 11–13 minutes and takes about 10–13 minutes to get from 16th and Market to 16th and Spring Garden.</p><br>
<h4>Bus route 7</h4><br>
<p>The 7 bus route runs south along 23rd Street from Brown Street to Spring Garden Street, where it turns southeast on Pennsylvania Avenue to 21st Street. From there, it heads south into Center City. At Market Street, it heads west to 23rd Street and then goes into South Philadelphia along 23rd.</p><br>
<h4>Bus route 48</h4><br>
<p>The 48 bus route runs south along 23rd Street from Brown Street to Spring Garden Street, where it turns southeast on Pennsylvania Avenue to 21st Street. From there, it heads south into Center City. At Market Street, it heads east along Market to Front Street. Heading out of Center City, the 48 runs west bound along Arch Street to 22nd Street, where it turns north. Northbound, the 48 travels through the neighborhood on 22nd, crossing Spring Garden Street and Fairmount Avenue.</p><br>
<p>During rush hour, the 48 south bound runs every 4–6 minutes and takes 9–11 minutes to get from 23rd and Spring Garden to 16th and Market. Likewise, during rush hour, the 48 runs north-bound every 7–8 minutes and takes about 10–13 minutes to get from 22nd and Arch to 22nd and Spring Garden.</p><br>
<h4>Bus route 32</h4><br>
<p>The 32 bus route runs southeast along Pennsylvania Avenue, crossing Fairmount Avenue and Spring Garden Street. At Hamilton Street, it heads east to 21st Street. From there, it heads south into Center City. At Market Street, it heads east along Market to Broad Street. From there it heads south along Broad Street to Washington Street, where it turns around. Heading north out of Center City, the 32 runs north bound along Broad Street, goes counter-clockwise around City Hall, and then heads east on John F. Kennedy Boulevard to 18th Street, where it turns north, returning to the Spring Garden neighborhood on its southern and western borders.</p><br>
<p>During rush hour, the 32 south bound runs every 10–11 minutes and takes 9–11 minutes to get from Pennsylvania Avenue and Spring Garden to 15th and Market. Likewise, during rush hour, the 32 runs north-bound every 10–13 minutes and takes about 10–13 minutes to get from 15th and John F. Kennedy Boulevard to Pennsylvania Avenue and Spring Garden Street.</p><br>
<h4>Bus route 43</h4><br>
<p>The 43 bus route runs east and west along Spring Garden Street. Eastbound, the bus takes Spring Garden to Front Street and Delaware Avenue (near the Festival Pier). From there, it heads northbound to Fishtown and Port Richmond. Westbound, the 43 runs along Spring Garden, crosses the Schulykill to Lancaster Avenue, then north on Lancaster Avenue to Belmont Avenue in Parkside.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h3>Public schools</h3><br>
<p>Spring Garden is in the School District of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Spring Garden is located in the Laura Wheeler Waring Elementary School catchment, although a significant portion of the neighborhoods elementary-school children who attend public schools attend schools outside the catchment such as Albert M. Greenfield Elementary School. Spring Garden is the home of the Benjamin Franklin High School and Franklin Learning Center, formerly William Penn High School for Girls. Spring Garden is also home of one of the top-ranked public high schools in the city and state, the Julia R. Masterman School at 1699 Spring Garden Street. Although students are, generally, automatically eligible to attend the neighborhood school, they may also attend other Philadelphia Schools (academic magnet schools, performing arts schools, and other out-of-catchment schools) through the school districts Voluntary Transfer Program.</p><br>
<h3>Private schools</h3><br>
<p>Spring Garden is the home of the J. W. Hallahan Catholic Girls High School. For boys, the Roman Catholic High School is just outside the neighborhood, on the east side of Broad Street. Spring Garden is also the home of the St. Francis Xavier School, a Catholic lower- and middle-school.</p><br>
<h2>Churches</h2><br>
<p>Spring Garden is home to several churches, including St. Andrew&#39;s Church (the only Lithuanian-Catholic parish in the city) on 19th and Wallace, St. Francis Xavier Church, at 24th and Green Streets, Olivet Covenant Presbyterian Church, at 22nd and Mount Vernon Streets, Greater Canaan Church of God in Christ, at 21st and Spring Garden, United for Christ Ministries on 21st Street, and Enon Baptist Church at 19th and Green Streets.</p><br>
<p>Republic of the Rio Grande Museum is a historic house museum located in the downtown San Agustin de Laredo Historic District in Laredo, Texas, United States, next to the historic La Posada Hotel and San Agustín Cathedral. The Mexican vernacular structure was built in 1830 as a house with an addition in 1860. Among the people who have lived there was prominent rancher Bartolomé García, who was also one of Laredo&#39;s mayors, and who is a descendant of the town founder, Tomas Sanchez.</p><br>
<p>Once the Republic of the Rio Grande capitol building, it now showcases memorabilia from the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande and displays pictures, books, and furniture from the 19th century Laredo area. There are three restored rooms re-creating an authentic 1830 home in Laredo; an office and sitting area, a bedroom, and a kitchen. Because of this Republic, Laredo had flown seven flags instead of the traditional Six flags over Texas.</p><br>
<p>The museum is operated by the Webb County Heritage Foundation, a non-profit 501 (c) (3) organization chartered in 1980 to promote historic preservation, education, and tourism. The museum offers guided tours for school age children and adults year-round.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Earth County Historic Courthouse is the former courthouse of Blue Earth County, Minnesota, United States, in the city of Mankato, the county seat. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Court services were moved from the Historic Courthouse to the Blue Earth County Justice Center, located at 401 Carver Rd, Mankato, Minnesota in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building, completed in 1889, was the second courthouse in the county. The first courthouse in the county, a 20-by-24 foot one-story stone building, was built in 1857.</p><br>
<p>According to local Welsh-language poet James D. Price, whose Bardic name was "Ap Dewi", the first Eisteddfod held in Mankato took place at the Blue Earth County Courthouse on January 1, 1873.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 1800s, the county commissioners felt that the previous buildings were a "disgrace and gave strangers that we were behind the times. That the county was either poverty stricken or greatly lacking in enterprise." At this time, there was a debate on whether to relocate the county seat to Garden City or have it remain in Mankato.</p><br>
<p>After much debate, a building was started in 1886. The new building, designed by Minneapolis architects Haley & Allen, combined a Second Empire roof and dome with Italianate features. The stone was provided by a local quarry, with various techniques giving it both rusticated and ashlar surfaces. The copper-sheathed dome is capped with a statue of Lady Justice.</p><br>
<p>The Faribault County Courthouse in Blue Earth, Minnesota, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was completed in December 1892 at a cost of $70,000. Materials included Kasota limestone, sand from the Blue Earth River bottoms, red brick above the rusticated sandstone ground floor, and clay tile for the roof. The arches at the entrance rest on short columns with foliated capitals, a hallmark of the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Between the arches is a gargoyle in the form of a satyr&#39;s head. The most prominent feature is a seven-story tower on the corner.</p><br>
